听力原文:W: Hey, Steve, got any plans for tonight?
M: Hi! Jane. No, I don't think se. Why? Got any suggestions?
W: In fact, I do. I just got two tickets to the opening of the exhibition of the reprints by Julia Margaret Cameron. I would have mentioned it earlier, but I was on the waiting list for these tickets and I wasn't sure if I'd even get them.
M: An exhibition, huh? I like such things. But I don't know who Julia...
W: Margaret Cameron! She was a photographer in the 1800s. She is interesting to art historians in general and students of photography in particular because she.., how should I say, change the aesthetics for photography.
M: What do you mean?
W: Well, her specialty was portraits and instead of just making a factual record of details like most photographers did, you know, just capturing what a person looks like in a dispassionate though: of way. She, like a portrait painter, was interested in capturing her subject's Personality.
M: Interesting! How did she do that?
W: She invented a number of techniques that affect the picture. Like one of those things she did was blur images slightly by using a soft focus on the subject. That's pretty common now.
M: Yeah, seems that way. Who did she photograph?
W: Famous people of her day, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Charles Darwin..., I don't know who else. We'll see at the exhibition.
M: You really pick my curiosity. I am going to enjoy this.
(23)
An exhibition of Julia Margaret Cameron.
B. Portrait photography.
C. Techniques that affect the picture.
D. Famous people.
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result. For instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble ''when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
According to the author, babies learn to do things which ______. ()
A. are directly related to pleasure
B. will meet their physical needs
C. will bring them a feeling of success
D. will satisfy their curiosity