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What does it mean？ The Project in the English Country School in southern England gives you some idea and shows how environment protection and language teaching can be combined together.
In this school, there are projects on the classification of trees and their leaves, on insects and other invertebrates, pond and river life, flowers and hedgerows. There are air pollution surveys, litter surveys, recycling projects, acid rain surveys, farm visits, countryside walks, sculptures and collages created from natural materials.
It is all backed up in the classroom with EFL materials about the environment-the rain forests, biological diversity, global warming —and with materials which concentrate on the students' immediate environment under the general heading of "Health": smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, diet and exercise.
For example, the topic of pollution will involve the students searching the local environment to find out what has been thrown away. This is then classified according to the type of material found and whether it is recyclable or not.
The students follow instructions to set up simple experiments to detect air and water pollution, They investigate mosses and lichens, looking up their findings in field guides, to determine the number and quality of species. They compare and collate their findings, producing diagrams, writing up their results and drawing conclusions. They then practise language work on topics such as the Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming.
How do the students benefit from this？ In common with all project work, learner autonomy, co-operation and motivation is fostered. The language practice takes place in a natural and enjoyable setting. As a result the students develop an appreciation of and an alertness and sensitivity toward their surroundings.
Another advantage of Green EFL is that the environment is a global issue: What happens in one country affects what happens in another. The environment thus spans borders and cultures. We can teach the language, English, through the environment, without teaching "Englishness", or "Americanness," or whatever other cultural values we might accidentally or deliberately put across to our students.
Finally, through an understanding of the global environment, and the issues which affect it, students will be better able to meet challenges in the future.
For the teacher interested in teaching English through environmental studies, there is a surprising amount of material available. The Cambridge Advanced English exam, with its emphasis on scientific/authentic English, has encouraged authors to include texts on various environmental issues.
Sue O'connell's "Focus on Advanced English", for example, includes a chapter called "Paradise Lost" about the rain forests; "Passport to Cambridge Advanced English" discusses the Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming; "Cambridge Advanced English" by Leo Jones, has a chapter about Greenpeace and the Antarctic; and so on. Environmental topics in Children's EFL textbooks are also catching on. Book 3 of Collins' "Mode" series is particularly useful.
The topics of the Green EFL program probably will NOT include ______.
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Martial stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners-social-economic group. Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. To the extent that welfare is a form. of government subsidized alimony payments, it reduces the institutional costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfare-related instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of government-subsidized alimony payments.
Some criticize the current welfare regulations because______.
Few great architects have been so adamant in their belief in the integration of architecture and design as Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Clients who tried to modify his grip on every detail of the structure, interior decoration or furniture often ended up with the architect losing his temper —and his commission. Now, 63 years after he died, Mackintosh has found the perfect patron, in the form. of a 56-year-old structural engineer and fellow Glaswegian named Graham Roxburgh.
The story begins with a competition launched in December 1900 by Zeitschrift Fur Innendekoration, an innovative design magazine published in the German city of Darmstadt. European architects were invited to design an Art Lover's House. Mackintosh sent in his entry in March 1901, his one chance to design a house unfettered by financial constraints or a conservative client. But he was disqualified for failing to include the required number of drawings of the interior. He hastily completed the portfolio, which he then resubmitted. Delighted with the designs, the judges awarded Mackintosh a special prize (there was no outright winner).
Publication of these drawings did much to establish Mackintosh's reputation abroad as an original and distinctive architect, particularly in Austria and Germany. The Art Lover's House is an important twentieth-century building because it anticipates the abstract forms of Modernism. At first glance it could be an illustration from the thirties. Artists of the avant-garde Vienna Secession described Mackintosh as "our leader who showed us the way" —an acclaim that he was never able to gain at home. Rich Glasgow businessmen never quite took him seriously.
But today Glaswegians hail Mackintosh as their local genius. Three years ago, the enterprising Mr Roxburgh, who has already rescued Craigie Hall, a mansion on the outskirts of Glasgow that Mackintosh helped design, hatched a plan to build the Art Lover's House —now close to completion on a site in Glasgow's Bellahouston Park. Strathclyde Council, the Scottish Development Agency and the Scottish Tourist Board have picked up a third of the hefty ￡3 million bill. Roxburgh has raised the rest through sponsorship and private loans.
The original designs contradict each other in places. Details of the elaborate external stone carvings and much of the furniture and fittings for the main interiors —which will be open to the public are exact, but Mackintosh gave no indication of what should be done with the lower ground floor or the roof spaces. No matter, for the area will be rented out as offices to recoup some of the costs. The plans have been meticulously interpreted by Andy McMillan of Glasgow's Mackintosh School of Architecture and the furniture made by an expert cabinet-maker.
The elegant, mysterious music-room is lit by tall windows along one side; the vertical lines are repeated in the elongated female figures embroidered on linen that hang in the recesses, in the clusters of coloured lamps suspended on slender wires and the uncomfortable high-backed chairs.
The whole effect culminates in the strange superstructure of the piano.
What would Mackintosh have made of the Art Lover's House？ There is a danger it will be all too perfect, like those expensive reproduction Mackintosh chairs you find in shiny magazines or on the dust-free floors of design buffs. Yet Roxburgh's attention to detail and refusal to cut corners makes him a man after Mackintosh's heart. He is now hunting for an extra ￡300,000 to complete the interiors according to his exacting requirements.
Why were there sometimes problems between Mackintosh and his clients？
工业企业销售生产用原材料不构成企业收入的一部分。()
What are some listeners asked to do？
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