题目内容

Animal welfare science uses various measures, such as longevity, disease, immunosuppression, behavior, physiology, and ____________, although there is debate about which of these indicators provide the best information.

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The welfare of laboratory animals includes two main issues: one is their breeding and general maintenance, the other is their _________ during experimental procedures.

In the maintenance of laboratory animals, the standardization and elimination of confounding factors like ____________ are the main principles by which the scientific reliability of experiments is ensured. This means many restrictions on the environment of laboratory animals.

According to the hedonistic approach, good welfare consists of a life-long presence of pleasant mental states and, just as important, the __________ of unpleasant mental states.

It is worth noting that it is difficult – if not impossible – to discern whether an animal acts the way it does due to certain preferences or because preferences are merely a means to reach a certain _______, namely the preferred mental state.