题目内容
Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
Samuel Clemens, whose pen name is Mark Twain, publishes Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1885 in America. He has been at work for eight years on the story of an outcast white boy, Huck, and his adult friend Jim, a runaway slave, who together flee Missouri on a raft down the Mississippi River in the 1840s. The book's free-spirited and not always truthful hero as well as its lack of respect for religion or adult authority drew immediate fire from newspaper critics. The ungrammatical vernacular voice in which Huck narrates the book was also attacked as coarse and inappropriate. Some readers found the colorful stories Huck tells immoral, sacrilegious, and inappropriate for children. The Concord, MA, library banned Adventures of Huckleberry Finn a month after its publication, calling it "trash and suitable only for the slums." Other libraries followed suit.
In the decades after Twain's death in 1910, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn gains the status of a masterpiece. Novelist Ernest Hemingway remarks that "All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn," and other writers as diverse as American poet T. S. Eliot and African American novelist Ralph Ellison add their acclaim. It is increasingly studied at both the high school and college level, where its literary merit and the insights it offers into American society are praised. In particular, some consider Twain's satire to be a powerful attack on racism.
Others see Adventures of Huckleberry Finn not as an attack on racism, but as inherently racist itself. African Americans and others, led by the NAACP, begin to challenge the book in the 1950s, appalled by the novel's portrayal of the slave Jim and its repeated use of the word "nigger." The book is removed from some schools in the New York City school system, and its place on required reading lists is threatened in other cities.
Debates about Adventures of Huckleberry Finn continue to the present day. The crux of the controversy remains race, although some, notably Pulitzer Prize-winning author Jane Smiley for example, assert that the book's reputation as a literary classic is exaggerated. In 1998, Kathy Monteiro, parent of a student in a Tempe, AZ, high school, sued the school district, claiming that an already tense racial environment was exacerbated by the assignment of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as required reading. Although the judges decline to ban the book, they do state that a school district has a legal duty to take reasonable steps to eliminate a racially hostile environment and can be held liable for damages if they fail to make this effort. While Monteiro and her supporters hail this as a victory, the questions of whether Adventures of Huckleberry Finn contributes to a racially hostile environment and whether it should be assigned in high school remain unresolved.
What happened to the book Adventures of Huckleberry Finn when published in 1885？
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A model of the development of the information sciences is described and used to account for past events and predict future trends, particularly fifth and sixth generation priorities. The information sciences came into prominence as electronic device technology enabled the social need to cope with an increasingly complex world to be satisfied. The paper provides a framework for the information sciences based on this logical progression of developments. It links this empirically to key events in the development of computing. The fifth generation development program with its emphasis on human-computer interaction and artificial intelligence, and the sixth generation research program with its emphasis on knowledge science are natural developments in the foci of attention indicated by the model.
The fifth generation development program emphasizes
Stress
Stress can be defined as an adaptive response, mediated by individual characteristics and/or psychological processes, that is a consequence of any external action, situation, or event that places special physical and/or psychological demands upon a person. This definition includes three concepts important to the overall study of stress: (a) situational demands or stressors cause persons to adapt; (b) individuals tend to react and adapt in different ways to the stressors they are presented, and (c) some form. of physical and/or psychological responses will occur. Therefore, internal characteristics may determine physical and emotional responses exhibited by individuals as a result of stressors. There are two distinct types of stressors, those without and within. Without stressors originate outside individuals and include such things as environmental or work-related demands. Within stressors are those from within individuals. These stressors tend to include individuals' personal values, attitudes, and self-concepts. There are three major types of stressors: environmental, organizational, and individual. Stressors are found to emerge from the environment and individuals. Internal characteristics would be stressors from within individuals.
Internal characteristics are identified in numerous documents and cited as major sources of individual stress. Researchers have found that internal characteristics could contribute to individuals' susceptibility m stress and that these factors may even dictate how individuals handle the stress that they encounter; they state that internal characteristics actually contribute to the amount of stress individuals are able to tolerate. A large number of the negative experiences of beginning vocational individuals emerge from internal characteristics.
The role-related stress is a function of the individual's personality and job preparation. Perceived professional competence has been found to be a source of stress for many individuals. Individuals have been known to experience stress because of their lack of occupational confidence in a particular work or particular environment. Rapid changes in the world and technologies have caused individuals to feel incompetent and experience stress due to their inability to always remain current and up-to-date in their areas of expertise.
Job satisfaction and individual stress are found to be strongly correlated. The amount of stress and degree of job satisfaction experienced by individuals directly influence the quality of individual work life. A list of events revealed recently is closely related to individuals' life satisfaction that could affect their stress and performance at work. These events included marriage, divorce, pregnancy, death of a loved one, and change of residence.
According to the author of this passage, the term "stress" can be defined as
The ______ he is filled with about his son's wondering alone into the forest at night has
听力原文：A: Come in Sharon and take a seat.
B: Thanks.
A: So, where do we start？ Should we begin with a look at last year and then go on from there？
B: Fine
A: So, how do you feel you've done in your first full year with the company？
B: Overall, I think I've done quite well. I feel quite confident now about what I do.
A: And are you happy with your duties？
B: Well, the job is exactly as it was advertised in the paper, so there have been no surprises. I like dealing with customers and I don't mind answering the phone and preparing invoices. Sometimes it's a bit boring typing long price lists, but then everyone has to do it.
A: That's true Does anything make your job difficult？
B: The computer. To begin with, I was slow because I didn't know the program, but now I get annoyed when the computer just stops working for no reason. I often sit looking at the monitor for minutes, not sure whether it is still working or not. I think the network is too old for our software and we need some new machines.
A: But apart from the computer, is there anything else you would like to change？
B: Erm, let me see. rd like the authority to issue credit notes without having to ask you first. You're often away on business and sometimes customers ring up with a complaint. And if we can't contact you, then we can't deal with the complaint properly. It's a bit embarrassing at times.
A: Yes, but some of our customers always find something wrong and try and get a credit note with every order. You can't believe everything they say, you know. What about your objectives for the future？
B: Well, I need to get to know the customers a bit better and maybe try to make fewer mistakes. But I think the most important thing is to increase my product knowledge, so I don't get embarrassed when customers make enquiries.
A: Don't worry, you'll learn all that in time. What I'd like to ask you about now is...
● Your will hear a conversation between a head of department and an employee.
● For each questions 23-30, mark one letter (A, B or C) for the correct answer.
● After you have listened once, replay the recording.
The biggest problem with the computer is that ______.
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