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The discipline 'Artificial Life' was named by Christopher G. Langton, an American theoretical biologist from Los Alamos National Laboratory, in ______.
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_________ is a state of functional activity and continual change before death.
Reproduction can be either asexual, involving a single parent organism, or sexual, requiring ____ parents.
The World's first artificial life is JCVI-syn1.0 (Synthia) with a _________ genome that was created by the John Craig Venter Institute in Maryland of the US and published in Science in 2019. It contained a minimal prokaryotic genome, the chromosome of Mycoplasma genitalium. JCVI-syn1.0 is an artificial M. mycoides cell with the expected phenotype and self-replication capability.
When Synthia, a human-made cell, was created in 2010, invoked a global debate on ethics related to synthetic biology. Opponents criticized the work as destroying people's basic beliefs about _____________ and charging that the spread of artificial organisms into nature may cause environmental and health disasters. U.S. President Barack Obama also expressed concerns about this research and asked the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues to review the synthetic-biology field and identify appropriate ethical boundaries to ensure that Americans reap the benefits of synthetic biology and to minimize identified risks.
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