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Which of the following might behaviorists agree with？
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Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the passage？
The term control is highly—and unjustifiably—unpopular. Some of its unpopularity can be traced to educational and philosophical writings that have addressed issues of freedom, self- determination, self-worth, individuality, and other humanistic concerns—concerns often equated with liberal and permissive child-rearing and educational methods. They are the concerns that define the spirit of these times. No teacher wants to be nonliberal and restrictive. And there is little doubt that the deliberate exercise of control is restrictive. Is control therefore unethical？
There is, of course, no simple answer, ff there were, there would be little controversy, and behaviorists and humanists would have much less to disagree about.
Consider, first, that control is not only inevitable but also necessary. There is no doubt that teachers, by virtue of their position and by virtue of their duties, have control. Indeed, it is not at all unreasonable to insist that the exercise of control is one of the teacher's most important duties. We are not speaking here of a fear-enforced control that might have been characteristic of some of yesterday's schools. Control can be achieved, or at least facilitated, in a variety of gentle ways, some of which can be learned．
Parents too control their children (or at least try), often by setting limits for their behavior. Part of the successful socialization process requires that children be prevented from engaging in behaviors that might be injurious to themselves or to others. Thus, parents do not permit their children to play with the dinner as it is cooking on the stove, to insert knives into electrical outlets, to jump off ladders, or to swim in dangerous waters. Less extreme instances of control involve the teaching of socially appropriate behavior, of values and morals—of "shoulds" and "should nots". It is less by accident than by virtue of parental control that children learn not to deface wall, steal other people's property, or kill the neighbor's god． In short, certain standards of behavior. are learned at least partly as a function of parental control. Whether that control involves reinforcement, punishment, models, reasoning, or a combination of these and other strategies, we cannot avoid the fact that control is being exercised．
The classroom situation is not really very different. Teachers have often been described as acting [in loco parentis]—in the place of parents. More precisely, teachers have been urged to act in all ways as might a wise, judicious, and loving parent. And there is, in fact, no great incompatibility between values held in highest esteem by those who describe themselves as humanistically oriented and the techniques of behavior. control that have been described by science. Love, empathy, warmth, genuineness, and honesty can go a long way toward ensuring a classroom climate corducive to and learning and development. In spite of these highly desirable qualities, however, discipline problems are not uncommon in classrooms. That teachers should judiciously administer rewards and punishment in an effort to maintain an effective educational environment does not mean that they care less for their students; indeed, in might well indicate that they care more.
The passage indicates that the current educational spirit is characterized by______.
下列函数中，存在反函数的是()。
The income-tax deadline approaches and some taxpayers' thoughts turn to it. Test time approaches and some students' thoughts turn to it. Temptation appears and some spouses consider it. Nowadays, cheating is on the rise. "You want something you can't get by behaving within the rules, and you want it badly enough, you'll do it regardless of any guilt or regret, and you're willing to run the risk of being caught. " That's how Ladd Wheeler, psychology professor at the University of Rochester in New York, defines cheating.
Cheating represents the triumph of the "Brazen Rule" over the "Golden Rule", says Terry Pinkard, philosophy professor at Georgetown University in Washington D．C． "The Golden Rule says, Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.'The Brazen Rule says, Do unto others as they would do unto you if they were in your place. ' " Many experts believe cheating is on the rise. "We're seeing more of the kind of person who regards the world as a series of things to be manipulated． Whether to cheat depends on whether it's in the person's interest. " He does, however, see less cheating among the youngest students.
Richard Dienslbier, psychology professor at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, believes that society's attitudes account for much of the rise in cheating. "Twenty years ago, if a person cheated in college, society said:'That is extremely serious; you will be dropped for a semester if not kicked out permanently, ' " he says. "Nowadays, at the University of Nebraska, for example, it is the stated policy of the College of Arts and Sciences that if a student cheats on an exam, the student must receive an'F' on what he cheated on. That's nothing. If you're going to fail anyway, why not cheat？"
Cheating is unethical, Pinkard says, whether it's massive fraud or failure to tell a store cashier you were undercharged． "You're treating other people merely as a means for your own ends. You're using people in ways they would not consent to. The cheater says, ' Let everybody else bear the burden, and I'll reap the benefits. '"
Cheaters usually try to justify their actions, says Rohert Hogan, chairman of the psychology department at the University of Tulsa in Oklahoma． "They never think it's their fault. " Cheaters make justifications because they want to feel good about themselves, adds Wheeler. "They don't want to label themselves as a cheater. Also, they may be anticipating the possibility of getting caught, so they work on their excuse ahead of time. " The most common justifications, psychologists say, include:
"I had to do it. "
"The test was unfair. "
"Everybody does it, and I have to cheat to get what's rightfully mine. "
"The government wastes the money anyway. "
"My wife (or husband) doesn't understand me, and we've grown apart. "
Cheating is most likely in situation where the stakes are high and the chances of getting caught are low, says social psychologist Lynn Kahle of the University of Oregon in Eugene. In his study, a group of freshmen were allowed to grade their own tests, while secret, pressure sensitive paper indicated who changed answers. To raise the pressure, students were given an extremely high scores as the "average" for the test and told that those who failed would go before an inquiring board of psychologists. About 16 percent of the male students changed answers; among the females, about 30 percent cheated．
Everybody cheats, a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn't cheat under any circumstances.
Despite the general rise in cheating, Pinkard sees some cause for hope: "I do find among younger students a much less tolerant attitude toward cheating. " Perhaps, he says, the upcoming generation is less spoiled than the "baby boom" students who
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