A pair of synthetic gene circuits that count events — a long-stated goal for circuit engineers — was reported in _______. For one of these counter circuits, recombinase-mediated DNA rearrangement was used to create permanent memory of an event, and a similar strategy was later used to engineer a full set of recombinase-based logic gates.
A. 2004
B. 2006
C. 2009
D. 2012
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In ______, the first synthetic yeast genome project (Sc. 2.0 project) was launched to redesign and chemically synthesize the entire S. cerevisiae genome.
A. 2000
B. 2005
C. 2009
D. 2013
In ______, the Royal Academy of Engineering in the United Kingdom released the report "Synthetic Biology: Scope, Applications and Significance." The report summarized the basic technologies and development status of synthetic biology and predicted the application impact on technology, economy, and society for the next 5, 10, and 25 years.
A. 1999
B. 2005
C. 2009
D. 2015
In ______, John Craig Venter (1946- ) et al. reported their assembly of a synthetic M. Mycoides genome in yeast. Venter and colleagues used breakthrough DNA-assembly techniques to create a viable bacterial cell that was controlled by a chemically synthesized genome. Synthesized DNA cassettes were assembled by in vivo recombination in yeast to recreate the M. mycoides genome, which was then transplanted into a recipient bacterial cell, resulting in viable bacteria that contained only the synthesized genome.
A. 2004
B. 2006
C. 2008
D. 2010
In ______, a revolutionary genome-editing method, CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with associated proteins), was invented. dCas9, which lost the cleavage activity of Cas9 but retains the DNA-binding specificity, greatly facilitates the design of synthetic circuits.
A. 2000
B. 2005
C. 2010
D. 2013