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In ______, John Craig Venter (1946- ) et al. reported their assembly of a synthetic M. Mycoides genome in yeast. Venter and colleagues used breakthrough DNA-assembly techniques to create a viable bacterial cell that was controlled by a chemically synthesized genome. Synthesized DNA cassettes were assembled by in vivo recombination in yeast to recreate the M. mycoides genome, which was then transplanted into a recipient bacterial cell, resulting in viable bacteria that contained only the synthesized genome.
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In ______, a revolutionary genome-editing method, CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats with associated proteins), was invented. dCas9, which lost the cleavage activity of Cas9 but retains the DNA-binding specificity, greatly facilitates the design of synthetic circuits.
In a major practical milestone for synthetic biology, large-scale production of the antimalarial drug artemisinin was achieved in early ______. With funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through OneWorld Health and PATH (Program for Appropriate Technology in Health), Amyris Inc. engineered an optimized artemisinic acid pathway in yeast and licensed it to Sanofi on a royalty-free basis.
In ______, the genome of E. coli has been synthesized.
The global synthetic-biology market was valued at 2.1 billion dollars in 2012 and reached nearly 2.7 billion dollars in 2013; this market is expected to grow to _____ billion dollars by 2021.
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