Marshall Hall's five principles (1831) for animal welfare are:
An experiment should never be performed, if the necessary information could be obtained by observations. No experiment should be performed without a defined, obtainable, objective.
B. Scientists should be well informed about the work of their predecessors and peers in order to avoid unnecessary repetition of an experiment.
C. Justifiable experiments should be carried out with the least possible infliction of suffering (often through the use of lower, less sentient animals).
D. Every experiment should be performed under circumstances that would provide the clearest possible results, thereby diminishing the need for repetition of experiments.
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Which of the following statements about animals' preference testing are correct?
A. Preferences can be assessed using tests such as choice tests or operant tests.
B. In a choice test, an animal must choose between two or more resources (stimuli) provided to the animal by the researcher. In an operant test, an animal is trained to perform a simple response (e.g. pressing a lever) in order to obtain something good – a positive stimulus. If the animal is motivated to obtain the stimulus, it will work for the stimulus.
C. The more important the stimulus is to the animal, the harder the animal will work to obtain it. In choice tests there is also an element of work, since the animal has to decide on for instance going from A to B, when making a choice, but it is not possible to assess the strength of a certain preference to the same extent as when using operant tests.
D. In a preference test, the animal is thus presented with a choice of certain environmental factors, and it is assumed that the animal will choose according to its preferences, and that these choices will be made in the best interest of its own welfare.
Reduction of experimental animalsrelies on:
A. an analysis of experimental design
B. applications of newer technologies
C. the use of appropriate statistical methods
D. control of environmentally related variability in animal housing and study areas
Ifananimalstudyisevaluatedwith2Rsofrefinementandreduction,wecanseefourresultingcombinations:
A. Improvedwelfare,feweranimals
B. Compromisedwelfare,feweranimals
C. Improvedwelfare,moreanimals
D. Compromisedwelfare,moreanimals
Questions to ask before doing a biomedical project involving animals are:
A. Why are you doing it?
B. Does what you propose to do raise ethical issues?
C. Is replacement possible?
D. Is reduction possible? Is refinement possible?
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