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Why do some foreign companies like to set up their plants in Brazil？
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Inspired by Turing's theory, the first conference on AI convened at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire in 1956. Soon afterwards an Al laboratory was started at Massachusetts Institute of Technology by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky, two of the nation's leading AI proponents. McCarthy also invented the Al computer language, Lisp; but by the early 1990s Al itself had not been achieved. However, logic programs called expert systems allow computers to "make decisions" by interpreting data and selecting from among alternatives. Technicians can run programs used in complex medical diagnosis, language translation, mineral exploration, and even computer design.
Machinery can outperform. humans physically. So, too, can computers outperform. mental functions in limited areas—notably in the speed of mathematical calculations. For example, the fastest computers developed are able to perform. roughly 10 billion calculations per second. But making more powerful computers will probably not be the way to create a machine capable of passing the Turing test. Computer programs operate according to set procedures, or logic steps, called algorithms. In addition, most computers do serial processing; operations of recognition and computation are performed one at a time. The brain works in a manner called parallel processing, performing operations simultaneously. To achieve simulated parallel processing, some supercomputers have been made with multiple processors to follow several algorithms at the same time.
Critics of this approach insist that solving a computation does not indicate understanding, something a person who solved a problem would have. Human reasoning is not based solely on roles of logic. It involves perception, awareness, emotional preferences, values, evaluating experience, the ability to generalize and weigh options, and more. Some proponents of AI have, therefore, suggested that computers should be patterned after the human brain, which essentially consists of a network of nerve cells.
By the early 1990s, the closest approximation to Al was a special silicon chip built to behave like a human brain cell. It was modeled after the internal workings of neurons in the human cerebral cortex. Unlike the conventional silicon chip, which works in digital mode, the new silicon chip works in analog mode, much the way a human brain cell works.
According to Turing, a computer has human-like intelligence in a special test if
听力原文： Governments throughout the world make public reports about the condition of their economics. Most do this by measuring the value of their countries' yearly production of goods and services. Some countries including the Unites States have used a measure called the "gross national product" or GNP. It includes all goods and services produced by citizens of the country anywhere in the world. Recently the American Commerce Department began using a new method to measure production. The new method is known as the "gross domestic product" or GDP, It counts only goods and services that have been produced within the nation's borders. Earnings by foreign-owned companies operating in the United States are included in the GDP. But earnings of American companies operating in other countries are not. Economic experts generally approve of the change. They say the gross domestic product provides a truer measure of the economy. They also note that most other industrial countries use this method. Therefore, they say, it will be easier to study the economies of different countries. Some officials also say the new system will help them to make better economic policy decisions. They say it will provide them with a clear understanding of economic activity in the United States. The new measure, officials say, is less likely to be affected by sadden changes in foreign oil prices or in the value of the American dollar in other countries. Economic experts say the changes from GNP to GDP reduces the value of American production by at least 40,000 million dollars a year, but that is really a very small change in the American economy, less than one percent.
According to this passage, what is exactly GDP？
Unfortunately many young people have to make career plans 【28】______ benefit of help from a 【29】______ vocational counselor or psychologist. Knowing 【30】______ about the occupational world, or themselves for that matter, they choose their lifework on a Mt-or-miss 【31】______ . Some drift from job to job. Others 【32】______ to work in which they are unhappy and 【33】______ which they are not fitted.
One common mistake is choosing an occupation for its real or imagined prestige. Too many high-school students—or their parents for them—choose the professional field, 【34】______ both the relatively small proportion of workers in the professions and the extremely high educational and personal 【35】______ . The imagined or real prestige of a profession or a "white-collar" job is 【36】______ good reason for choosing it as life's work. 【37】______ , these occupations are not always well paid. 【38】______ a large proportion of jobs are in mechanical and manual work, the 【39】______ of young people should give serious 【40】______ to these fields.
【21】
PART C
Directions: You will hear three dialogues or monologues. Before listening to each one, you will have 5 seconds to read each of the questions which accompany it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have 10 seconds to check your answer to each question. You will hear each piece ONLY ONCE.
听力原文： Industrial pollution is not only a problem for the countries of Europe and North America. It is an extremely serious problem in some developing countries. For these countries, economic growth is a very important goal. They want to attract new industries, and so they put few controls on industries which cause pollution.
Cubatao, an industrial town of 85,000 people in Brazil, is an example of the connection between industrial development and pollution. In 1954, Cubatao had no industry. Today it has more than twenty large factories, which produce many pollutants. The people of the town are exposed to a large number of poisonous substances in their environment, and the consequences of this exposure can be clearly seen. Birth defects are extremely common. Among children and adults, lung problems are sometimes twelve times more common in Cubatao than in other places.
It is true that Brazil, like many other countries, has laws against pollution, but these laws axe not enforced strictly enough. It is cheaper for companies to ignore the laws and pay the fines than to buy the expensive equipment that will reduce the pollution. It is clear, therefore, that economic growth is more important to the government than the health of the workers. However, the responsibility does not completely lie with the Brazilian government. The example of Cubatao shows that international companies are not acting in a responsible way either. A number of the factories in the town are owned by large companies from France, Italy, and the U.S. They are doing things in Brazil that they would not be able to do at home. If they cause the same amount of pollution at home, they would be severely punished or even put out of business.
Why don't developing countries have strict pollution controls？
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