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Muse cells (multi-lineage differentiating stress enduring cells) are a recently discovered pluripotent stem cell type found in multiple adult tissues, including adipose, dermal fibroblasts, & bone marrow. While rare, muse cells are identifiable by their expression of SSEA-3 & general mesenchymal stem cell markers such as CD105.
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Use of stem cells from amniotic fluid can overcome the ethical objections to using human embryos as a source of cells.
Skin stem cells occur in the basal layer of the epidermis & at the base of hair follicles. The epidermal stem cells give rise to keratinocytes, which migrate to the surface of the skin & form a protective layer. The follicular stem cells can give rise to both the hair follicle & to the epidermis.
It is possible to collect amniotic stem cells for donors or for autologuous use: the first US amniotic stem cells bank was opened in 2009 in Littleton, MA, by Biocell Center Corporation & collaborates with various hospitals & universities all over the world.
The induced pluripotent stem cell(iPSC) technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka's lab in Kyoto, Japan, who showed in 2006 that the introduction of four specific genes encoding transcription factors could convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. He was awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize along with Sir John Gurdon "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent".
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