In ______, Boeke and colleagues used a similar genome-synthesis approach in yeast, and, in the process of chemical synthesis of two S. cerevisiae chromosome arms. They removed all identified transposons and other unstable elements and included recombinase sites flanking every gene. The right arm of chromosome 9 and the left arm of chromosome 6 of yeast were successfully chemically synthesized.
A. 2008
B. 2010
C. 2011
D. 2016
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In 2016, a synthetic chloroplast genome and the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been successfully introduced into _________ cells, allowing for rapid manipulation or evolution of chloroplasts for higher photosynthetic efficiency.
A. bacterial
B. yeast
C. mouse liver
D. human skin
Which of the following are common software-based ALife?
A. 1. program-based: cellular automata, artificial intelligence, and multi-agent system/program.
B. 2. module-based: individual modules are added to a creature, which modify the creature's behaviors and characteristics either directly or indirectly, e.g. various simulators.
C. 3. parameter-based: organisms are generally constructed with pre-defined and fixed behaviors that are controlled by various parameters that mutate.
D. 4. Neural net–based: these simulations have creatures that learn and grow using neural nets or a close derivative.5. Complex systems modeling: black box, white box, & grey box.
WhichofthefollowingareopenproblemsinALife?
A. Howdoeslifearisefromthenonliving?—Generateamolecularproto-organisminvitro;—Achievethetransitiontolifeinanartificialchemistryinsilico;—Determinewhetherfundamentallynovellivingorganizationscanexist;—Simulateaunicellularorganismoveritsentirelifecycle;—Explainhowrulesandsymbolsaregeneratedfromphysicaldynamicsinlivingsystems.
B. Whatarethepotentialsandlimitsoflivingsystems?—Determinewhatisinevitableintheopen-endedevolutionoflife;—Determineminimalconditionsforevolutionarytransitionsfromspecifictogenericresponsesystems;—Createaformalframeworkforsynthesizingdynamicalhierarchiesatallscales;—Determinethepredictabilityofevolutionaryconsequencesofmanipulatingorganismsandecosystems;—Developatheoryofinformationprocessing,informationflow,andinformationgenerationforevolvingsystems.
C. Howisliferelatedtomind,machines,andculture?—Demonstratetheemergenceofintelligenceandmindinanartificiallivingsystem;—Evaluatetheinfluenceofmachinesonthenextmajorevolutionarytransitionoflife;—Provideaquantitativemodeloftheinterplaybetweenculturalandbiologicalevolution;—Establishethicalprinciplesforartificiallife.
D. Howdoestheenvironmentaffectsthelifegenesisandevolution?—Evaluategene-environmentinteractions;—Demonstratehowenvironmentalchangesalterlife'slivingstate,metabolism,&reproduction;—Assesshowenvironmentalfactorsincreaselifediversity.
WhichofthefollowingareALife/digitalorganismsimulators?
Avida
B. Critterding
C. DOSE
D. NobleApe
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