题目内容
In the 3R principles, refinementreferstomodificationsofhusbandryorexperimentalprocedurestoenhanceanimalwell-beingandminimizeoreliminatepainanddistress.Whileinstitutionsandinvestigatorsshouldtakeallreasonablemeasurestoeliminatepainanddistressthroughrefinement,IACUCsshouldunderstandthatwithsometypesofstudiestheremaybeeitherunforeseenorintendedexperimentaloutcomesthatproducepain.Theseoutcomesmayormaynotbeeliminatedbasedonthegoalsofthestudy.
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Inthe3Rprinciples,refinementandreduction(2Rs)areindependentofeachother;henceunderstandingoftheirinterplayiscrucial.
Animalwelfare,oravoidanceofpain,sufferinganddistress,isalwayslessimportantthanthenumberofanimalsexposed.
In animal study, the refinement dimension is more straightforward, the lower the refinement value, the better.
Whenever replacement alternatives cannot be used, as is often the case, the application of the other two alternatives (2Rs) is still necessary and, they are key elements in ethical evaluation.
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