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By the 1930s, 28 US states had passed laws mandating involuntary sterilization of "unfit" individuals, including those who were mentally ill or disabled, criminally insane, or psychopathic. ～1,000,000 people were sterilized under US eugenics laws.
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Prominent proponents of eugenics included British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1874–1965), U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), science fiction writer H.G. Wells (1866–1946), and even African American scholar and civil rights activist W.E.B. Dubois (1868–1963), who opposed racism but believed in encouraging the most talented members of all races to interbreed.
Inspired by the idea that Aryans constitute a "master race," Germany began in the 1930s a program of racial/ethnic purification to rid the country of "desirable" members of the population, including Jews, mentally or physically disabled people, Gypsies, and mixed-race children. The program began after Hitler came to power in 1933, with the enactment of mandatory sterilization laws and it soon included "euthanasia" of mentally or physically disabled people.
Less well-known are the Japanese chemical and biological warfare experiments on Chinese prisoners of war, which took place on mainland China from 1932 to 1945. These experiments did not gain much notoriety until the 1990s because the US government was interested in the data from these experiments.
After the Second World War, one of the next important events involving research with human subjects was the development of the polio vaccine. Polio (poliomyelitis) had been one the most feared childhood diseases, killing or permanently disabling thousands of people in the US each year.
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