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In 1958, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments originated the concept of, designed, and built the first integrated circuit, for which he received the Nobel Prize in ______.

A. 1990
B. 1994
C. 1998
D. 2000

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In 1981, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM's Zurich lab invented the scanning tunneling microscope, allowing scientists to "see" individual atoms for the first time. Binnig and Rohrer won the Nobel Prize for this discovery in ______.

A. 1983
B. 1986
C. 1990
D. 1996

In1985,RiceUniversityresearchersHaroldKrotoetal.discoveredtheBuckminsterfullerene(C60),morecommonlyknownasthe'buckyball',whichisamoleculeresemblingasoccerballinshapeandcomposedentirelyofcarbon,asaregraphiteanddiamond.Theteamwasawardedthe______NobelPrizeinChemistryfortheirrolesinthisdiscoveryandthatofthefullereneclassofmoleculesmoregenerally.

A. 1988
B. 1990
C. 1994
D. 1996

In _____, Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber invented the atomic force microscope, which has the capability to view, measure, and manipulate materials down to fractions of a nanometer in size, including measurement of various forces intrinsic to nanomaterials.

A. 1980
B. 1984
C. 1986
D. 1990

In _____, the US President Clinton launched the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) to coordinate Federal R&D efforts and promote US competitiveness in nanotechnology.

A. 1995
B. 2000
C. 2004
D. 2009

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