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12. Content networking demands the Internet itself become more application-aware, i.e., knowing who is accessing what data and talking to whom, which would disrupt the original end-to-end argument. What changes may be brought into the network to support content networking?12．内容网络互连要求互联网本身成为更加具有应用感知的，即要求知道谁访问什么数据并与谁交流通话，但这会破坏原有的端到端观点。需要采取什么样的更改来支持内容网络互连？

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13. ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) and MPLS (multi-protocol label switching) do not have stateless core networks. What states do they keep? What is the main difference in the way they keep these states?13．ATM（异步传输模式）和MPLS（多协议标签交换）没有无状态的核心网络。他们保持了什么状态？他们保持这些状态的方式上有何主要区别？

14. ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) is an alternative technology for data communications. Why does it have high overhead when interoperating with IP to carry IP packets?14．ATM（异步传输模式）是一种用于数据通信的可选技术。为什么当它与IP互操作承载传输IP数据包时具有很高的开销？

15. MPLS (multi-protocol label switching) is a standard for IP switching that aims to switch most but route few IP packets. What is the barrier to its deployment? How can we reduce the effect of this barrier?15．MPLS（多协议标签交换）是IP交换的一种标准，旨在交换多数但路由少数的IP数据包。将其实施的障碍是什么？如何减少这一障碍的影响？

16. When supporting a protocol, we may put the protocol entity into the kernel or a daemon process. What are the considerations here? That is, when will you put it into the kernel and a daemon, respectively?16．当支持某个协议时，我们可能将协议实体放入内核或守护进程中。这里需要考虑什么？也就是说，分别在什么时候将协议实体放入内核和守护进程？