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In so doing, the FCC seemed to have taken its first, big step towards imposing traditional telecoms rules on the internet—a contentious move given the fears that this will strangle what many still regard as an infant industry, especially if regulators elsewhere follow suit. But are the new rules really so bad？
The new rules uphold a subset of telecoms policy, social objectives, which is much less burdensome than the FCC'S hugely unpopular economic regulation. Many providers of internet telephony—strictly, Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP)—have for years sought the technical ability to provide an emergency service, knowing that such a feature would be essential were internet telephony ever to become a truly credible alternative to the traditional phone service. Incumbent operators that manage the emergency-service sys tem have not always made it easy for the upstarts to interconnect, which costs a provider almost $10m a year for nationwide service. The FCC has signaled that incumbent operators had better now act fairly.
Moreover, the new rules apply only to certain firms, are easy to implement, and pro vide flexibility for future technical improvements. Only firms that offer VOIP via the public telephone network will have to provide 911, and to use it their customers will have to register their addresses. Only when internet technology is developed to allow the network to tell where a phone is connected to it will other VOIP operators be required to introduce this facility. Significantly, services based mainly on software, such as voice-enabled instant-messenger programs or online video games, which do not try to resemble regular phone service, are exempt.
All in all then, the new policy is unlikely to do much to slow a business now growing rapidly worldwide. In America, VOIP is on track to exceed $1 billion in revenue this year, with over 3m users. Many ordinary phone firms now use the technology to connect calls, helping VOIP to account for a growing slice of international phone traffic.
Having found an elegant way to impose 911 rules on VOIP, the FCC's next challenge will be to secure wire-tapping capability for law-enforcement surveillance. This is an issue that similarly has been quietly debated for years. It may take another set of tragedies before it is mandated in a quick, unanimous vote by the regulators.
We can learn from the text that FCC's mandate
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The term "grub"(Paragraph 4) most probably means
受伤6～8h内的战地伤口
Frank Sietzen, a journalist and coauthor of "New Moon Rising", a chronicle of the development of the new NASA vision, has spent the better part of the past six months leafing through these contracts in order to divine the agency's plans. He says that because the CEV must be compatible with other components of the vision, the contracts give de tails of how NASA is planning to explore the moon and Mars.
According to Mr. Sietzen, the new moonships will have three components that will be launched separately and then bolted together in orbit—unlike NASA's previous moon rocket, the Saturn 5, in which everything went up at once. One component will be the CEV. The second will be an Earth-departure stage—a rocket that provides the oomph needed to push the ship on its way to the moon. The third will be the "lunar surface access module", or lunar lander, to the man in the street.
The decision to assemble the new moonships in orbit lowers the cost of developing the rocket needed to get them off the Earth's surface. Mr. Sietzeen predicts that in about a month's time, when NASA picks two bidders for a CEV, it will announce what this rock et will be—and that it will be based on the technology now used to launch the shuttles.
It is also, he adds, possible to work out from the contracts what the masses of the different components will be. These suggest that four astronauts will travel to the moon and six astronauts to Mars, and that the access module will sometimes fly as an unmanned truck carrying cargo to the moon's surface.
He predicts that there will be three phases of lunar exploration. Initial landings of two to three days will pick up where Apollo left off. Subsequent trips to rougher terrain will last for a week to ten days. And eventually a base camp will be established at one of the poles. This will be occupied for periods ranging from 90 days to a year, and will lead to a permanent manned presence that would act as a prototype Mars base.
The best title for this text could be
长作用GLP-1类似物
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