题目内容
As you slip into dreamtime, your mind visits a funny place indeed. It is the health spa of 1984. All around you, wealthy women lounge about sipping tea, nibbling low-calorie food, and indulging in treatments such as manicures, facials and massages. The country-club setting is quite exclusive. The pampered ones, pretty in their pink workout jumpsuits, are discussing the latest episodes of Dallas and Dynasty.
When the massage therapist whispers in your ear, you awake from the dream. Lo and behold, you're in the Modem Spa of 2004. A warm feeling washes over you, and you smile. Reality is going to be better than the dream.
Today's health spa is no longer for the super-wealthy. It's gone mainstream, and the variety of treatments is mind-boggling. The spa industry has expanded like a sponge left soaking in a honey-papaya enzyme bath. The United States now boasts more than 12,000 spas, up from 1,374 in 1990. The International SPA Association reports that 45 million Americans visited spas from June 2002 to June 2003.
"Today spas are like Starbucks. They are everywhere. There is a flavor for every taste," said Melinda Minton, founder of The Spa Association, the largest of its kind in North America.
Joining the original destination and resort spas are fitness-club spas, medical spas, adventure spas and holistic spas. Spa Finder, a travel and marketing company that publishes Spa Finder magazine, now lists 30 special-interest categories on its Web site. The connoisseur can select from budget spas, beach spas, eco-spas, Pilates spas, spirituality spas, stop-smoking spas, vegetarian spas, yoga spas ... the list goes on. Pressed for time？ America now boasts 8,734 day spas where you can slip in for a quick treatment.
According to the passage, what is the most obvious difference between the spas in 1984 and that in 2002 ？
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Adam Walden's best friend is his cello-and that's just fine with him. Like all children with autism and related disorders, the 8-year-old boy from Los Angeles has trouble interacting with others and forming relationships. Learning to speak has been an enormous challenge for him and, at an age when many kids are being scolded for chatting in class, Adam sometimes has problems even recognizing the human voice.
Once regarded with suspicion by his classmates, Adam rarely got invited to birthday parties and during those few occasions that he was asked, he was often found hiding under beds or running away down the street. But life took a positive turn for Adam once he was introduced to the cello. Recently admitted to the Colburn School of Performing Arts, Adam has learned to communicate with others through his music and performs regularly in recitals, where he hams it up and loves to be on stage.
After more than four years of intensive therapy and treatments, Adam has reached the point where most people who meet him would at first just think he's a little eccentric or different. But, as many experts point out, autism is not simply "quirkiness" or an unusual personality trait, but a serious disorder capable of destroying families and children's futures. Like others with the condition, Adam's progress has been bard-won.
His struggles are increasingly shared by many across the United States as rates of autism continue to skyrocket. Some experts estimate that as many as 1 in 166 children born today will be diagnosed with an autistic disorder. Autism is now the second most commonly diagnosed developmental disability in children after mental retardation.
While the causes for the dramatic rise in cases over the past decade are the subject of much debate, one thing is certain: early diagnosis is crucial. By being aware of key symptoms to watch for, parents can help spot the disorder and, if necessary, ensure their child begins treatment.
"One of the factors in a good [autism] prognosis is early intervention," says Dr. Sally Ozonoff, associate professor of psychiatry at the MIND Institute at the University of California, Davis. "It's been shown pretty clearly that starting an intervention at age 3 is better than 5, or starting intervention at 2 or potentially even earlier than that is better."
But while most experts agree that beginning treatment for autism at an early age is important, the process of diagnosing children can be fraught with difficulty and makes the goal of early treatment sometimes easier said than done.
According to the passage, children suffering from autism are unable to _______.
In the alpine tundra, the summer sunshine is intense, winds are prevalent, _______ highly
The physicist has made a discovery, _______ of great importance to the progress of science
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, was the founder of psychoanalysis and, some would say, of modern psychology itself. The main hypothesis of Freud's theory is that human behavior. is determined primarily by unconscious motives. These unconscious motives can be discovered through the use of free association, that is, through talking out problems with the patient. Freud's theory of personality involved three broad areas of investigation into human behavior. structural, dynamic, and 'developmental. Structurally, Freud divided the human personality into id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious part of self. It is the repository(资源) of one's instinctual needs and drives. Freud posed that it consisted of everything psychological that was inherited.
The ego is the rational aspect of the personality. It governs the impulsive needs created by the id and decides which needs can and will be Satisfied according to the conditions of the environment. The superego is the conscience, the ethical(伦理的) or moral aspect of personality. It is formed by the traditional values and ideals of the society or culture in which a person is born. The superego strives for the ideal. The "con science" part provides guilt feelings when moral values are violated. The "ego-ideal" part provides feelings of pride when the self acts in consonance with traditional values of the group.
Freud's dynamic concepts involved instinct, libido, and anxiety. Generally, we term behavior. as instinctive if it occurs without any apparent opportunity of its having been learned. Freud's "instinct" differed in that it refers to an inborn bodily condition represented by "wish" and "need". Libido is descriptive of one's emotional or psychic energy. This energy enables life "instincts" to perform. their work and is derived from primitive biological urges--for example, the sex drive. Thus, the libido is usually goal directed. Anxiety, in psychological terms, is an uncontrollable state of fear often unrelated to a specific object or event. Freud's developmental concepts included identification,' displacement, defense mechanisms, and psycho sexual stages. Identification labels the behavior. of an individual who imitates another person or group (movie star, gangster, etc. ). Displacement occurs when the instinct is blocked and the frustrated energy is then diverted to substitute objects. Defense mechanisms (repression, projection, and reaction) describe behavior. reacting to relieve extreme pressure and to defend the ego. Psychosexual stages refer to the five set stages of an individual, from birth through adolescence: oral (breast-sucking babyhood), anal (toilet-training period), phallic (36 years development of sexual feelings) , latancy (intermediate stage between phallic and beginning of puberty(青春期) ,and genital(formation of genuine relationships and the end of narcissism(自我陶醉).
Freud's two disciples broke with the master largely over the centrality of sex in Freud's theorizing. Alfred Adler maintained that man was more a social being than a sexual one, and that individuals are primarily motivated by social interests. Carl Jung also differed from Freud on what determines the motivation for hu man behavior. He stressed goal direction beyond childhood, as well as the influence of the ancestral past in such things as magic, power, and hero worship.
Freud's concepts included a ______.
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