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TEXT C The greatest impact on the family over the last 50 years has been the changing role of the wife. These changes have affected not only her life but also that of her husband and children. The family has changed from an economically defined unit under the authority of the father and having minimal interpersonal emotional ties to a unit with strong emotional ties directed primarily by the mother to her husband and children. This meant a removal of the woman from the community into the much more private setting of the nuclear family. One important result is greater emotional and general psychological seclusion of the woman, which clearly implied that the female role was culturally a secondary one. In recent decades it has become clear that for a distinct minority of American women the traditional mother role in the seclusion of the home is no longer acceptable. For many the family is of diminishing importance. The development of education for women has been a crucial factor in this change. Today, over 80% of all women complete four years of high school as compared to only 35% in 1940. This is related to the fact that marriage now occurs a year later for the average woman. The proportion of women aged 20 to 24 who are single increased from 28% in 1969 to 40% by the mid 1970s. Childbearing is being postponed so that, compared to the 1960s, 10% fewer women bear their first child in the two years immediately following marriage. Furthermore, more women today remain childless. Work, older age at marriage, and fewer children are the basic changes that have taken place in women’s roles in recent years. The trend among women is toward increased education, and this is linked to other role changes. The higher a woman’s educational attainment, the more likely she is to work, to stay in the labour force longer, and to have more job opportunities available to her. This further suggests that when women are married their work has a great impact on their marriage. For example, since working wives contribute 25% to 40% of their total family income, their position as decision-makers in the family is usually strengthened. A sociologist points out that the social trends towards increased education for women not only mean more work experience but also delayed marriage and decreased fertility. These changes, in turn, point the way toward even greater labour force participation throughout the life cycle. The number of women entering the work force is rapidly increasing. Women outnumber men in the total population by about 7 million. When that is added to the fact that labour force participation of males is slowly declining because of the trend toward earlier retirement, "it may not be too long before one out every two American workers is a woman." What is the direct cause of the improvement of women’s position in the family

A. Her education attainment.
B. Her increased income.
C. Her work experience.
D. Her increased job Opportunities.

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试述我国商业银行的信贷原则。

The homeless make up a growing percentage of American’s population. (62) homelessness has reaches such proportions that government can’t possibly (63) .T0 help homeless people (64) independence, the federal government must support job training programs, (65) the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. (66) everyone agrees on the numbers of American who ae homeless.Estimates range (67) from 600, 000 to 3 million. (68) the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter:that the number of the homeless is (69) , one of the federal governments’ studies (70) that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. Finding ways to (71) this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. (72) when homeless individuals manage to find a (73) that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day (74) on the street.Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders.Many others, (75) not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday (76) skills need to turn their lives (77) . Boston Globereporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are (78) programs that address the many needs of the homeless. (79) Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, (80) it, "There has to be (81) of programs.What’s need is a package deal.\

A. stand
B. cope
C. approve
D. retain

The homeless make up a growing percentage of American’s population. (62) homelessness has reaches such proportions that government can’t possibly (63) .T0 help homeless people (64) independence, the federal government must support job training programs, (65) the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. (66) everyone agrees on the numbers of American who ae homeless.Estimates range (67) from 600, 000 to 3 million. (68) the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter:that the number of the homeless is (69) , one of the federal governments’ studies (70) that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade. Finding ways to (71) this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. (72) when homeless individuals manage to find a (73) that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day (74) on the street.Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs.And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders.Many others, (75) not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday (76) skills need to turn their lives (77) . Boston Globereporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are (78) programs that address the many needs of the homeless. (79) Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, (80) it, "There has to be (81) of programs.What’s need is a package deal.\

A. when
B. once
C. while
D. whereas

TEXT D "There are too many students overcrowding courses and contributing nothing to society," says Professor Edward Mishan, explaining the subject of an article, published recently in an economics journal. Using pure economic rationality, Professor Mishan argues that subsidizing students because they benefit society is a fallacy--one that he says he would have included in his book 21 Popular Economic Fallacies, had he thought of it when it was first published in 1970. "For if higher education is free," he writes, "a man who chooses to spend three years at university rather than enter the workforce may be willing to do so even though it makes no perceptible difference to his future earnings." As such he advocates full commercial rates on loans for students to pay the entire costs of their higher education.. Professor Mandy Telford is not amused. "There is no doubt that charging commercial interest rates on loans would put people off going to university," she said. "At present we have a system where the poorest students are forced to work long hours just to keep their heads above water, while the rich, supported by their parents, are able to make greater use of their time. Commercial rate loans would hit the poorest students the hardest as they would be forced to borrow the most. After graduation all students would be forced to chase a fast buck to escape the burden of their ever-increasing debts, therefore shunning lower paid jobs in a public sector that is crying out for skilled teachers and nurses, "Ms. Telford added. One effect of subsidizing university studies, claims Professor Mishan, is that "bizarre and outlandish" courses are likely to proliferate. "In some courses (possibly medicine, electrical engineering and accounting), the respective IRRs (internal rate of return) may be well above that on commercial investment, whereas in others (possibly psychology, sociology and gender studies), they would be well below," he writes. On psychology, sociology, and gender studies, he says, "you learn a few terms you throw into a conversation but nothing more, this is not a good allocation of resources." Lynne Segal, professor of psychology and gender studies at Birkbeck College, is nearly amused. "This is amazing. All we hear about is people complaining about boys and masculinity--lower exam results, more crime," she said. "Mental illness amongst men is rising and depression these are economic issues as well. He seems to be negating the study of human behaviour. It’s a bit hard to take seriously," she added. Professor Mishan was a professor of economics at London School of Economics until 1977, after which he moved to America. Since then he has been "a little bit out of economics", says professor Colin Robinson, editor of economic affairs, the journal produced by the Institute of Economic Affairs, which published the paper. But Professor Mishan does sound amused about his paper. This is not my field of competence--it’s just bit of fun," he reassures us. Professor Mishan advocates full commercial rates on students loans because he believes that______.

A. subsidized students may benefit society
B. with free higher education, students may become more willing to enter the workforce
C. students may overcrowd some courses and be unwilling to take other courses
D. subsidizing is a good way to assign resources

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