One of the reasons management by objectives is an effective way to implement the ideas of goal-setting theory is that it
A. makes it easier for managers to explain the reason for the goals they set for their employees.
B. turns managers into helpers rather than coaches.
C. allows employees to set their own goals without the need to consult with managers.
D. provides a method to get everyone involved in the process of setting goals.
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Mary Kay is in charge of a nursing shift at a hospital. She wants to improve the motivation and performance level of the nurses under her direction. According to expectancy theory, one element of an effective motivational strategy is to
A. simplify the job.
B. determine what types of rewards are valued by the nurses.
C. set performance standards that are beyond the ability of most nurses to challenge them to achieve.
D. rotate the nurses so that they perform different jobs each day.
Chipper, the marketing director for Tee Time Golf Resort, is making plans for the annual tournament and is trying to determine the prize money for the top golfer. In past years, the resort successfully raised $25,000 through registration fees and sponsorship. This year, Chipper's general manager wants to attract some great local talent and announce the top prize at $10,000. However, Chipper thinks the resort cannot afford to announce a $10,000 top prize at the expense of losing out on a portion of the fees of less talented players who may decide not to register. He explains to the general manager that if they set the prize too high, several better-than-average golfers in the area will feel "out of their league" when the top players join in and therefore will be unmotivated to spend their money to participate. Chipper's analysis of the situation is reasonable according to
A. goal-setting theory.
B. equity theory.
C. expectancy theory.
D. reinforcement theory.
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