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Which of the following situations is among the troubles print has？
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From this passage, we can conclude that______.
Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brain's physical deterioration.
It is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person. Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage.
"That may seem like bad news," said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain-tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down..
The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the "reserve" hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain tissue to spare.
Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women ages 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrinkage of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex. Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal.
"Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage," Coffey said. "People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting at adulthood."
There is, however, a "remarkable range" of shrinkage among people who show no signs no mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain-tissue loss throughout adulthood.
In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss.
Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerehrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, the greater the cortical shrinkage.
Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain.
For example, Coffey's team reported, among subjects of the same sex and similar age and skull size, those with 16 years of education had 8 percent to 10 percent more cerebrospinal fluid compared with those who had four years of schooling.
Of course, achieving a particular education level is not the definitive measure of someone's mental capacity. And, said Coffey, education can be "a proxy for many things". More-educated people, he noted, are often less likely to have habits, such as smoking, that harm overall health.
But Coffey said that his team's findings suggest that like the body, the brain benefits from exercise. "The question is whether by continuing to exercise the brain we can forestall the effects of (brain shrinkage)," he said. "My hunch is that we can."
According to Coffey, people should strive throughout life to keep their brains alert by exposing them- selves to new experiences. Travelling is one way to stimulate the brain, he said; a less adventuresome way is to do crossword puzzles.
"A hot topic down the road," Coffey said, will be whether education even late in life has a protective effect against mental decline.
Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to comp
听力原文： U. N. Secretary General Kofi Annan has lashed out at critics of the world body's role in the Iraq oil-for- food program, describing some of the charges as outrageous and exaggerated. Mr. Annan categorically rejected allegations that his son may have been involved in any illegal activities.
Asked Wednesday about the effect of the oil-for-food scandal on the world body's reputation, the secretary general rose immediately to the defense of his son. Kojo Annan worked in the mid-90s for Cotecna, a Swiss-based company chosen to monitor what Iraq was importing under the humanitarian program.
Speaking at a news conference, Mr. Annan said there is nothing to the accusations that his son somehow benefited illegally from oil-for-food contracts. "He joined the company even before I became secretary general, as a 22-year old, as a trainee in Geneva and then he was assigned to work for them in West Africa, mainly in Nigeria and Ghana," he said. "Neither he nor I had anything to do with co0tracts for Cotecna. That was done in strict accordance with U. N. rules and financial regulations."
What's Kofi Annan's attitude towards the criticism of U. N. 's role in the Iraq oil-for-food program？
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文：Mr. Williams: Good morning, Mr. Pitt. Do sit down.
Mr. Pitt: Thank you.
Mr. W.: First of all, Mr. Pitt, I'd like you to tell me a bit about what you' ye been doing.
Mr. P.: Well, I left school after I'd done my A-levels.
Mr. W.: Ah, yes, A-levels. What subjects did you take？
Mr. P.: I took four subjects: French, German. chemistry and, uh, art. Chemistry wash't my cup of tea but art has always been.
Mr. W.: Art？
Mr. P.: Well, I really wanted to study Art. It didn't turn out like that because a friend of my father' s offered me a job—he' s an accountant in London. A quite big firm, you know.
Mr. W.: I see. A fLrm of accountants. Interesting! In your application, you say that you 0nly spent nine months with this firm of accountants. Why was that？
Mr. P.: It was nearly a year actually. Well, to be quite honest, I didn't llke it. I just couldn't seem to get interested in the job although there were fairly good prospects. So I got a place at the Art College to do a three-year diploma course.
Mr. W.: I see. Now, Mr. Pitt, what about hobbies and interests？ Uh, what do you do in your spare time？
Mr. P.: I like jazz, traditional and folk music. I don' t play, of course, but I go to quite a lot of concert.s, and I go to the theatre occasionally and act a bit myself. I' m in the local dramatic society. I read quite a lot and I' ve done a bit of photography. Also, I' ye travelled a lot --hitchhiked all over Europe --last year, that was.
Mr. W.: Very interesting, Mr. Pitt. I think that' s all I wanted to ask about your background. Now, let' s talk about the management trainee scheme. What exactly do you think a manager does？
Mr. P.: I don' t know a great deal about the work.
Mr W But have you got any ideas about it？ You must have thought about it.
Mr. P.: Well, er, I suppose he has a lot of, ar, what is called, policy-making to do. And, mm, he' d have to know how to work with people and all about the company.
Mr. W.: Mmm.
Mr. P.: Yes, I, I, er, should think a manager must know, er, something about all aspects of the work.
Mr. W.: Yes, that' s right. We like our executive staff to undergo a thorough training. Young men on our trainee scheme have to work through every branch in the company.
Mr. P.: Oh？
Mr. W.: And one of them is accountancy. Presumably you wouldn't like that.
Mr. P.: Well, if I had to do it, I suppose. But I was thinking that my French and German would mean that I could specialise in overseas work. I' d like to be some sort Of an export salesman and travel abroad.
Mr. W.: You know the glamour of travelling abroad disappears when you' ve got a hard job of work to do. It' not all fun and game.
Mr. P.: Oh, yes, I realise that. It' s just that my knowledge of languages would be useful.
Mr. W.: Now, Mr. Pitt, is there anything you want to ask me？
Mr. P.: Well, there' s one Or two things. I' d like to know if I' d have to sign a contract and what the salary and prospects are.
Mr. W.: With our scheme, Mr. Pitt, there is no contract involved. Your progress is kept under constant review. If we, at any time, decide we don' t like you, then that' s that! We reserve the right to dismiss you.
Mr. P.: I see.
Mr. W.: Of course, you have the same choice about us.
Mr. P.: Fair enough. And what about the salary？
Mr. W.: As for salary, you' d be on our fixed scale starting at 870 pounds. For the successful trainee, the prospects are very good.
Mr. P.: I see. Thank you very much.
Mr. W.: That' s all, Mr. Pitt. You should hear from
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