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The importance of being a team player is a side effect of the increasing interaction across departments and functional divides. Instead of pushing reports, paperwork and decisions around the organisation, "teams provide a dynamic meeting place where ideas can be shared and expertise more carefully targeted at important business issues", says Steve Gardner, in his book Key Management Concepts. He adds, "Globalization has added a further dimension to teamwork. Multinational teams now study policy decisions in the light of their impact on the local market."
But is teamworking being overdone？ "Some managers are on as many as seven or eight different teams", says Dr. Cathy Bandy, a psychologist who recently ran a conference on the subject, "They take up so much time that managers can't get on with core tasks". Forming teams and having meetings have, she says, become an end in itself, almost regardless of purpose. There is also the danger of an unhealthy desire to keep the team going after the work has been done. "People feel the need to belong, and team membership can provide a kind of psychological support." The idea behind teamworking is that, when the right group of people is brought together, a "force" develops which is greater than the sum of their individual talents. This is often true in sport, where good players can reach unexpected heights as members of an international team. However, few business situations have as clear a set of objectives, or as clear criteria of success or failure, as winning a match.
"In business, everyone needs to be clear about what the challenge is and whether a team is the right way of approaching it', says Steve Gardner." Unfortunately, people focus instead on who the members of the team should be and what roles they are to play" Dr. Bandy agrees. "There is always a danger that teams can turn into committees," she says. "In a lot of situations, one or two individuals would be much more effective."
So what makes a successful team？ There are some general qualities that have been identified. Steve Gardner recommends that in every team there should be someone who is good at researching ideas and another who is good at shooting down impractical ones. There should be those who can resolve the tensions that naturally occur in a team and others who are focused on getting the job done. Also, providing a clear and achievable target at the outset is the best way of ensuring that the team will move on to greater things.
What point does the writer make about teamworking at the beginning of the article？
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As a symbolic language, the painting of the Middle Ages is______.
The author mentions "Baring the teeth in a hostile way" in order to______.
Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.
Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.' Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger？
Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial- feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.
What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion？ One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.
Ekman's observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as
A．Vocational education is more associated with trades and crafts.B．Young people are tr
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