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As we are on the point of some important business ______ with them, we should like to know
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In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us-- the so-called fight-or-flight response. "An animal that can't detect danger can't stay alive. "says Joseph LeDoux. Like animals, humans evolved with an elaborate mechanism for processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons (神经元)deep in the brain known as the amygdala(扁桃棱).
LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form. memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdala appraises a situation I think this charging dog wants to bite me--and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast--moving feet, just to name three.
This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is all LeDoux says," if you put that system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear."
Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwired danger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry. That's not necessarily a bad thing, says Hallowell. "When used properly, worry is an incredible device. "he says. After all, a little healthy worrying is okay if it leads to constructive action--like having a doctor look at that weird spot on your back.
Hallowell insists, though, that there's a right way to worry. "Never do it alone, get the facts and then make a plan." he says. Most of us have survived a recession, so we're familiar with the belt-tightening strategies needed to survive a slump.
Unfortunately, few of us have much experience dealing with the threat of terrorism, so it's been difficult to get facts about how we should respond. That's why Hallowell believes it was okay for people to indulge some extreme worries last fall by asking doctors for Cipro(抗炭疽茵的药物)and buying gas masks.
The "so-called fight-or-flight response" (Line 2,Para. 1) refers to ______
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Humans are forever forgetting that they can't control nature. Exactly 20 years ago, a Time magazine cover story announced that “scientists are on the verge of being able to predict the time , place and even the size of earthquakes.” The people of quake-ravaged Kobe (神户)learned last week how wrong that assertion was.
None of the methods conceived two decades ago has yet to discover a uniform. warning signal that preceded all quakes, let alone any sign that would tell whether the coming temblor (震动) is mild or a killer. Earthquake formation can be triggered by many factors, says Hiroo Kanamori, formation can be triggered by many factors, says Hiroo Kanamori, a seismologist (地震学家)at the California Institute of Technology, So, finding one all - purpose warning sign is impossible. One reason: Quakes start deep in the earth, so scientists can't study them directly . If a quake precursor were found, it would still be impossible to warn humans in advance of all dangerous quakes, Places like Japan and California are riddled with hundreds, if not thousands, of minor faults. Prediction would be less important if scientists could easily build structures to withstand tremors, While seismic engineering has improved dramatically in the past 10 to 15 years, every new quake reveals unexpected weaknesses in “quake – resistant” structures, says Terry Tullis, a geophysicist at Brown University. In Kobe, for example, a highway that opened only last year was damaged. In the Northridge earthquake, on the other hand, well-built structures generally did not collapse.
A recent report in science adds yet more anxiety about life on the faulty lines. Researchers ran computer simulations to see how quake-resistant buildings would fare in a moderate- size temblor, taking into account that much of a quakes energy travels in a large “pulse” of focused shaking. The results: Both steel-frame. buildings and buildings that sit on insulating rubber pads suffered severe damage.
More research will help experts design stronger structures and possibly find quake precursors. But it is still a certainty that the next earthquakes will prove once again that every fault cannot be monitored and every highway cannot be completely quake - proofed.
From what the author said in Para. 1, it can be inferred that.
The funding councils' Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) judges the quality of research carried out in individual university departments, and rates it on a scale of l to 5. In the last assessment, in 1992, departments ranked as low as 2 received funding. The group says this should not happen in this years exercise. Funding councils have not yet announced how they will distribute money from now on.
In a report called Research capability of the University System launched this week the group claims that funds are needed to pay for the “professional development” of university teachers who are not active in research, to help them keep up with their subject and improve the courses they teach.
It recommends that about 50 million, including money which is currently used to fund research in departments ranked at level 2, should be used to pay for this. It advises that the money should go only to those departments that are not competing for research money through the RAE.
The group believes that some universities have been expanding their research departments in order to attract research money. Some universities, it claims, are better suited to teaching than research, and should be encouraged to develop their expertise as educators.
“There's no use pretending that 104 universities could have the same job in life,” says David Harrison, master of Selwyn College, Cambridge, who chaired the group . A university could have some departments that are strong on research and others that are known for their top -grade teaching, he says.
But some people have some doubts about the group's recommendations. “It seems to be about developing further the distinction between research and non - research universities.” says Paul Cottrell of the Association of University Teachers, "If professional development money is a good idea, then it's a good idea for all university teachers."
The National Academic Policy Advisory Group says that money should be given to.
What does the author mean to say when he talks about the damage caused by earthquakes to the buildings？
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