题目内容
The consequences of working irregular hours vary according to gender, economic level, and whether or not children are involved. Single mothers are more likely to work nights and weekends than married mothers. Women in clerical, sales, or other low-paying jobs participate disproportionately in working late and graveyard shifts.
Married-couple households with children are increasingly becoming dual-earner households, generating more split-shift couples. School-aged children, however, may benefit from parents' nonstandard work schedules because of the greater likelihood that a parent will be home before or after school. On the other hand, a correlation exists between nonstandard work schedules and both marital instability and a decline in the quality of marriages.
Nonstandard working hours mean families spend less time together for dinner but more time together for breakfast. One-on-one interaction between parents and children varies, however, based on parent, shift, and age of children. There is also a greater reliance on child care by relatives and by professional providers.
Working nonstandard hours is less a choice of employees and more a mandate of employers. Presser believes that the need for swing shifts and weekend work will continue to rise in the coming decades. She reports that in some European countries there are substantial salary premiums for employees working irregular hours—sometimes as much as 50% higher. The convenience of having services available 24 hours a day continues to drive this trend.
Unfortunately, says Presser, the issue is virtually absent from public discourse. She emphasizes the need for focused studies on costs and benefits of working odd hours, the physical and emotional health of people working nights and weekends, and the reasons behind the necessity for working these hours. "Nonstandard work schedules not only are highly prevalent among American families but also generate a level of complexity in family functioning that needs greater attention, " she says.
Which of the following demonstrates that working at nonstandard times is taking its toll on American families？
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听力原文：M: Has Cecilia been working hard on the term paper？
W: Day in and day out!
Q: What does the woman say about Cecilia？
(18)
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文： What is cloning？ Cloning is the creation of cells or whole animals using DNA from a single "parent", by passing the normal reproductive process. The clone has the same DNA as the parent.
The most common process takes DNA from one cell and puts it in a hollowed-out egg. Chemicals and electricity are then used to encourage the new DNA to fuse with the egg and develop into an embryo. This technique is called nuclear transfer.
The first cloned animal in human history is a sheep called Dolly. It is very important because it was the first mammal to be cloned using DNA taken from an adult cell. Previously, animals had only been cloned using embryo cells, which already have the potential to become a complete embryo in its own right. The big breakthrough with Doily was to make a clone from an ordinary, adult cell.
When it comes to the question of whether cloned animals are normal and healthy, the answer is YES. Doily is, but scientists do not yet know whether this is the exception or the rule. Some early evidence suggests that clones may have health problems and that they may age prematurely.
With the birth of Dolly, many people are worried that a human clone may be born soon. It's possible in theory. But the technology of reproductive cloning is still in its very early stages and there is much that scientist do not understand. That's more, human cloning is already banned by law in the United Kingdom. The former President of the United States Bill Clinton proposed banning research in to producing human clones in the US for five years. Some measures have also been taken to establish international agreements banning live human clones.
(27)
A．and thaB．as forC．whereasD．on the contrary
听力原文：M: I think that intermarriage is a good idea. After all, we are living in a cosmopolitan country. We have so many different races living together peacefully, don't we？ It is nothing new to us, and I feel that intermarriage will work out.
W: Personally, I feel that it is not a very sound idea. It is difficult for two people of entirely different religions to live and share a life together. They will face so many problems that it would be better if they don't get married in the first place. M: Of course there will be problems. Even two people of the same religion have problems. It is the same in this case, except that it will be slightly more difficult, I guess.
W: I agree with you, Henry. Naturally, there will be arguments and personal differences. Marriage thrives on a give-and-take policy, so a couple will have to learn to adapt to each other's customs and traditions.
M: That's right. Married people should be more tolerant towards each other and be willing to learn a bout each other's religion. Only then can understanding and acceptance be achieved ultimately.
W: You talk as if it were very simple. It isn't, you know. I should know, as I am a child of a mixed marriage.
M: All right, you tell us why it is not such a good idea.
W: You see, Henry, it depends on the individuals concerned. If two people of different religions marry, they should be prepared for the consequences. It is only after marriage that the vast differences in the cultures begin to show. Little things, from food and clothes to bigger aspects like religious beliefs, tend to clash, leading eventually to a rift. Besides, this will be either personal pride or the reluctance to accept the other's views. It may lead to a big gap between the parents, and their children may suffer a lot in between.
M: You have a point there, but I can also tell you of several such couples who are living happily together.
W: I suppose that you are right. Intermarriage can lead to happiness or sorrow, depending on how it is handled.
(33)
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