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Willpower is not some unchangeable characteristics we are born with. It is skill that can be developed, strengthened and targeted to help us achieve our goals. Willpower can be n______.

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It takes time for them to prepare for the great changes that occur in space. When the spaceship leaves the earth at tremendous speed, the astronauts feel as if they are being crushed against the spaceship floor. Later, when they leave the zone of the earth’s gravitation, they are unable to stay in one place. Problems for astronauts to o______ when traveling to space.

Directions: Scan the following passage and find the words which have roughly the same meanings as those given below. The number in the brackets after each word definition refers to the number of paragraph in which the target word is. Write the word you choose on the Answer Sheet. Since their first appearance on earth, men have gathered information and have attempted to pass useful ideas to other men. The carving of word-pictures on the walls of ancient caves as well as hieroglyphics on stone tablets represent some of men’s earliest efforts to convey information. Scenes of hunting, maps of battles, and the stories of heroes were put down for all to see. But as civilizations grew more complex, better methods of communication were needed. The written word, carrier pigeons, the telegraph, and many other devices carried ideas faster and faster from man to man. In recent years one type of machine, the electronic computer, has become increasingly important in the lives of all the people in the industrialized nations of the world. Computers are now widely used aids for communication, calculation, and other activities. Their effect becomes more important every day. New ways of helping with counting and recording information evolved. Marks of different kinds were taken to represent certain quantities, and other marks were taken to represent relationships between quantities. New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were developed. Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we have now. The repeated actions of preparing, sorting, filling, distributing, and keeping track of records and publications can be as troublesome as calculating. Errors occur because men grow tired and can be distracted. to draw somebody’s attention away from something (Para. 5)

Directions: In the following passage, there are five groups of underlined sentences. Read the passage carefully and translate these sentences into Chinese. Write the Chinese version on your Answer Sheet. 1 The ups and downs of life may seem to have no predictable plan. But scientists now know there are very definite life patterns that almost all people share. Today, when we live 20 years longer than our great-grandparents, and when women mysteriously outlive men by seven years, it is clearer than ever that the "game of life" is really a game of trade-offs. As we age, we trade strength for ingenuity, speed for thoroughness, and passion for reason. These exchanges may not always seem fair, but at every age, there are some advantages. So it is reassuring to note that even if you’ve passed some of your "prime", you still have other prime years to experience in the future. Certain important primes seem to peak later in time. WHEN ARE YOU SMARTEST From 18 to 25, according to IQ scores; but you are more experienced with increasing age. 2 You’re sharpest in your 20’s; around 30, memory begins to decline, particularly your ability to perform mathematical computations. "But your IQ for other tasks climbs," says Berkeley psychologist Arthur Jensen. Your vocabulary at age 45, for example, is three times as great as when you graduated from college. At 60, your brain possesses almost four times as much information as it did at age 21. This trade-off between sharpness and wisdom has led psychologist Dr. Leopold Bellak to suggest that "maturity quotients" (MQs instead of IQs) be adopted for adults. WHEN ARE YOU HEALTHIEST For men, from 15 to 25; for women 15 to 30. "A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25," says New York internist Dr. Donald Tomkins. 3 "His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds and infection is highest, and his body is most efficient in utilizing nutrients." Women, for reasons scientists do not understand, get a five-year bonus. Peak health begins to decline when the body process called anabolism (cell growth)is overtaken by the opposite process, catabolism (cell death). "Cells have been dying since birth," says Tomkins, "but in our late 20’s, they start dying faster than they are replaced." Also, muscle is replaced with fat. Women also get an additional bonus of good health later in life. The figures of National Institute of Health show that the onset of such "old age" diseases as arthritis, rheumatism and heart ailments denies the generally greater fitness of women. Life expectancy for men is now 68.3; for women 75.9. U. S. aging authority William Kannel says, "Older women with low blood pressure are practically important." However, psychologists believe that by entering the competitive job market in increasing numbers, women may eventually give up their statistical advantage. WHEN ARE YOU MOST LIKELY TO DEVELOP MENTAL DISORDERS From 30 to 55. This surprisingly narrow peak is very real. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)reports that more than half of the patients in mental hospitals, male and female, are in this age group (men leading women by about 20%). 4 But if we are most neurotic between 30 and 35, apparently we recover quickly. Admissions to mental hospitals drop sharply around age 40 and stay down until age 65. Yet, say psychologists, between 40 and 55, more people report they "feel" on the verge of a nervous breakdown. Relatively few actually occur. "We become veterans at coping," says psychologist Marvin Karlins. 5 Suicide, a measure of mental problems, peaks from 20 to 24 and then again around 70. Incidences of suicide are smallest among people with intact marriages, highest among the divorced.

If it is a good biography it brings its subject as vividly as if he were standing in the same room. A good biography is v______.