题目内容
To us it seems so natural to put up an umbrella to keep the water off when it rains. But actually the umbrella was not invented as protection against rain. It was first used as a shade against the sun.
Nobody knows who first invented it, but the umbrella was used in very ancient times. Probably the first to use it were the Chinese, way back in the eleventh century B. C..
We know that the umbrella was also used in ancient Egypt and Babylon as a sunshade. And there was a strange thing connected with its use: it became a symbol of honor and authority. In the Far East in ancient times, the umbrella was allowed to be used only by royal people or by those in high office.
In Europe, the Greeks were the first to use the umbrella as a sunshade. And the umbrella was in common use in ancient Greece. But it is believed that the first persons in Europe to use the umbrellas as protection against the rain were the, ancient Romans.
During the Middle Ages, the use of the umbrella practically disappeared. Then it appeared again in Italy in 16th century. And again it became a symbol of power and authority.
Umbrellas have not changed much in style. during all this time, though they have become much lighter in weight. (80) It wasn't until the twentieth century that women's umbrellas began to be made in a variety of colors.
The first use of umbrella was as ______.
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Any alteration in design would mean re-setting our machines, and the cost of this would be
The advantages and disadvantages of a large population have long been a subject of discussion among economists (经济学家). It has been argued that the supply of good land is limited. To feed a large population, inferior land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. Thus, each person produces less and this means a lower average income than could be obtained with a smaller population. Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand to justify them.
One of the difficulties in carrying out a world-wide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birthrate, whatever the consequences may be. In the highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birth rate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. (79) When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened. Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population, rather than one which is stable or in decline.
A smaller population may mean ______.
【B19】
Many students find the experience of attending university lectures to be a really confusing and frustrating experience. The lecturer often speaks in front of the students for one or two hours, perhaps【C1】______the talk with slides, writing up some important information on the blackboard,【C2】______reading material and giving out【C3】______at the end of the lecture. The new student sees the other students continuously writing on their notebooks and【C4】______what to write on his own notebook. Very often the student leaves the lecture【C5】______the notes which do not catch the main points in the lecture and【C6】______become hard even for the【C7】______himself to understand. Most institutions provide many courses which【C8】______new students to develop the skills they need to be【C9】______listeners and note-takers. These courses are popular among students.【C10】______these courses can not be available, there are many useful study-skills guides which【C11】______learners to practice these skills【C12】______In all cases【C13】______the problem that affects your efficiency【C14】______actually starting your studies. It is important to【C15】______that most students have difficulty in acquiring the language skills【C16】______in college study. One way of【C17】______these difficulties is to attend the language and study-skills classes which most institutions will provide throughout the【C18】______year. Besides, another basic【C19】______is to find a study partner with【C20】______it is possible to identify difficulties, exchange ideas and provide support.
【C1】
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