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So far the Pontiff ______ to the demand.
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Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Irish building and loan
Scholar and students have always been great travelers. The official case for "academic mobility" is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go aboard in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold.
Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontier, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with a startling discovery, or a new technique. It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.
In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.
Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention; there are far more centres of learning, a far greater number of scholars and students.
In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced study has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.
Frequently these specialisations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the re- search needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centres of research and to meet each other in con- ferences and symposia. Form. these meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalised schemes of cooperation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus.
But as the specialisations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there has been an opposite movement to- wards interdisciplinary studies. These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world, and by recent advances in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline. This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between disciplines, and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.
What, in the writer's opinion, happens to a scholar who shares his ideas with his colleagues？
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文：W: John, do you realize that Christmas is only a month away？ We' ve got to think of Christmas presents.
M: Well, and what a lot of relations we have to think about!
W: Well, it's no good leaving the shopping till the last week before Christmas Day, is it？ Shall we decide what to send them all now？
M: All right. Let’s make a list of names and then decide what to give them all.
W :The children first, I think. What about Anne？
M: She’s getting too grown-up for toys. Let’s give her a book. Would she like one of the volumes of that new encyclopedia？ The Oxford Junior Encyclopedia, I think it's called.
W:I think she would. But which volume？ There are twelve, I think.
M: We can let Anne choose, can't we？ She might like the volume called Natural History, or perhaps Great Lives.
W: Very well, we' 11 ask Anne to choose. Now what about Dick？ He thinks about nothing but space travel nowadays.
M: Oh, that makes it easy. Shall we give him one of those space travel suits the toyshops have？ You know what I mean; there is a big round plastic thing that goes over the head.
W: That’s an excellent idea. He’ll be awfully excited.
M: Well, we must think of the old people as well as the children. What about your father？
W: He’s fond of music. Perhaps some tapes.
M: Isn’t he getting rather deaf？
W: He’s just got a hearing aid, and he can hear quite well with it. He’s very amusing. When mother turns the radio on to a programme father doesn’t want to listen to, he takes his hearing aid out and reads his book in peace and quiet. Then, when there’s something he likes, a concert of good music, he puts his aid in and listens.
M: And I suppose he takes it out when the conversation is uninteresting, too! Well, what do you think about giving him discs？
W: Yes, let’s do that. He’s very fond of Italian opera.
M:Do you know if his machine is still in good condition？
W:Yet, it is.
M: Then I’ll get him some discs. There are plenty of Italian operas to choose from.
W:And now your father. What would he like？
M :Not discs ! He never goes to a concert. He’s been sleeping very badly the last few months. He does a lot of reading in bed. Perhaps a book？
W :Why not a bedside reading lamp？ That would be useful.
M: Cood idea! Then he can read without keeping mother awake. What shall we give mother？
W:A pair of gloves？
M: Yes, 8loves will make a nice present. Will you buy them？ A good pair of soft leather gloves with a nice warm lining.
W: Well, that's five names on the list.
M: We mustn’t forget your mother. What would she like？
W: She still plays golf, you know, even though she’s over sixty. What about one of those baskets on wheels, with a handle, for pushing golf clubs round？ Are they expensive？
M: Find out when you' re in town tomorrow. Put it on the list with a question mark. And your brother？
W :A box of cigars. But you choose them, please. I know nothing about cigars.
M: Very well, I’ll see to it.
W: Nephews and nieces next. Your sister Kater has two boys. How old is Jim now？
M: Twelve. He likes games.
W: We might give him a football.
M: Yes. I hope he doesn’t take it into the garden on Christmas morning and start kicking it about. He might kick it through the dining-room window ! We shouldn’t be very popular then, if they had to eat Christmas dinner with a cold wind blowing through a broken window.
W: Well. We'll warn Jim not to kick the ball about in the garden. We'll advise him to take it into the park. How old is Tom？
M :He’s two years younger than Jim. He’d probably like a gun.
W: An air-gun？ Can you
SECTION C NEWS BROADCAST
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of each news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.
听力原文： The Clinton Administration Friday announced that it will close down US aid missions in 21 countries over the next three years. The move is seen as the key element in a plan to reorganize the US Agency for International Development and redefine its goals in the post Cold War era.
Details from VOA’s Douglas Roberts at the State Department. "The announcement has been expected for many months and the only question at the Friday’s news conference by AID Administrator Bryan Rat Wood was which nations would be affected by the cutbacks, nine in Africa, four in Asia, six in Latin America and two in the Near East. Mr. Rat Wood said some have developed beyond the need for aid operations but others have been what he termed ' poor partners in the development process. ' He singled out Zaire or a dictatorial government has followed policies that made AID operations ineffective. ' We can no longer expect to go to the Congress of the United States, to the American people and tell them that we' re going to be investing their dollars in countries with governments such as the government of Zaire. That is the princi pal message of the announcement that we are making today. ' Mr. Rat Wood said AID will now concentrate on sustainable development programs in some fifty nations focusing on key areas including the environment, health and population, economic growth and the promotion of democracy. Douglas Roberts, VOA news at the State Department."
The Clinton Administration announced Friday that ______.
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