Inthecaseofthe907 Whitehead Street, Inc. vs US the Secretary of AgricultureintheUS,whathappened?
A. In 2012, in the case of 907 Whitehead Street, Inc. vs U.Secretary of Agriculture (USDA), the plaintiff challenged the jurisdiction of the USDA and its Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to regulate the Ernest Hemingway Home and Museum as an animal exhibitor.
B. The museum is home to dozens of polydactyl cats, the progeny of a cat that Ernest Hemingway was given as a pet when he lived there during the 1930s. Following a complaint by a museum visitor, the USDA visited the museum and in October 2003, determined that the Museum was an animal exhibitor subject to regulation under the AWA because the Museum exhibited the cats for the cost of an admission fee, and the cats were used in promotional advertising.
C. Under USDA regulations, the museum is required to obtain a USDA exhibitor's license, give each cat a tag for identification purposes, provide additional resting surfaces within their existing enclosures, and introduce one of several specified improvements required to ensure the cats remain contained to the museum's grounds.
D. The museum challenged on several grounds the USDA's authority in the case, noting that the Hemingway cats do not have an effect on interstate commerce sufficient to merit federal regulation. As of December 2012, the case had reached the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit, which upheld earlier district court rulings.
The Three Rs in animal research are:
A. reduction in numbers of animals
B. refinement of experimental methods
C. replacement of animals with non-animal techniques
D. reduction of the research costs
Which of the following statements about animal welfare are right?
A. The concerns in animal welfare can include how animals are slaughtered for food, how they are used in scientific research, how they are kept (as pets, in zoos, farms, circuses, etc.), and how human activities affect the welfare and survival of wild species.
B. Respect for animal welfare is often based on the belief that non-human animals are sentient and that consideration should be given to their well-being or suffering, especially when they are under the care of humans.
C. Animal welfare science uses various measures, such as longevity, disease, immunosuppression, behavior, physiology, & reproduction, although there is debate about which of these indicators provide the best information.
D. Animal welfare is the well-being of animals. The standards of "good" animal welfare vary considerably between different contexts.
Marshall Hall's five principles (1831) for animal welfare are:
An experiment should never be performed, if the necessary information could be obtained by observations. No experiment should be performed without a defined, obtainable, objective.
B. Scientists should be well informed about the work of their predecessors and peers in order to avoid unnecessary repetition of an experiment.
C. Justifiable experiments should be carried out with the least possible infliction of suffering (often through the use of lower, less sentient animals).
D. Every experiment should be performed under circumstances that would provide the clearest possible results, thereby diminishing the need for repetition of experiments.
Which of the following statements about animals' preference testing are correct?
A. Preferences can be assessed using tests such as choice tests or operant tests.
B. In a choice test, an animal must choose between two or more resources (stimuli) provided to the animal by the researcher. In an operant test, an animal is trained to perform a simple response (e.g. pressing a lever) in order to obtain something good – a positive stimulus. If the animal is motivated to obtain the stimulus, it will work for the stimulus.
C. The more important the stimulus is to the animal, the harder the animal will work to obtain it. In choice tests there is also an element of work, since the animal has to decide on for instance going from A to B, when making a choice, but it is not possible to assess the strength of a certain preference to the same extent as when using operant tests.
D. In a preference test, the animal is thus presented with a choice of certain environmental factors, and it is assumed that the animal will choose according to its preferences, and that these choices will be made in the best interest of its own welfare.
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