题目内容
听力原文： The earliest libraries existed thousands of years ago in China and Egypt where collections of records on tablets of baked clay were kept in temples and royal palaces. In the western world, libraries were first established in Ancient Greece. For example, Aristotle once had a research library in the 3rd century B. C.
The first library in the United States was a private library, which could only be used by authorized readers. In 1633, John Harvard gave money and more than 300 books to a newly- established college in Massachusetts. In return for his generosity, the legislature voted the school be named Harvard College. The librarian there set rules for the new library. Only college students and faculty members could use the books. No book could be lent for more than one month.
The earliest public library was established in Philadelphia in 1731. Although this library was open to every one, all readers had to pay a membership or subscription fee in order to borrow books. Very few subscription libraries exist today. Some book and stationary stores maintain small rental libraries, where anyone may borrow books for a daily charge. The first truly free public library that circulated books to every one at no cost was started at a small New England town in 1833. Today, there are more than 7,000 free public libraries throughout the US. They contain about 160 million books which were circulated to over 52 million readers.
Historically, the major purpose of free public libraries was educational. They were expected to provide adults with the opportunity to continue their education after they left school. SO the function of public library was once described as "less reservoir than a fountain". In other words, emphasis was to be placed on wide circulation rather than on collecting and storing books. Over the years public library services have greatly expanded. In addition to their continuing and important educational role, public libraries provide culture and recreation, and they are trying to fill many changing community needs. Most libraries offer browsing rooms where readers can relax on comfortable chairs and read current newspapers and magazines. Many also circulate music records. Library programs of films, lectures, reading clubs, and concerts also attract library users. In addition to books, records, periodicals, and reference material, libraries provide technical information such as books and pamphlets on gardening, carpentry and other specialized fields of interests. The largest public library in the US is the Library of Congress. It was originally planned as the reference library for the federal legislature. Today in addition to that important function, it serves as the reference library for the public, and sends out many books to other libraries on inter- library-loan system.
Unlike free pubic libraries, which open to everyone, private libraries can be used only by authorized readers. Many industrial and scientific organizations and business firms have collections of books, journals and research data for their staffs. Several private historical associations have research collections of special interest to their members. In addition, many elementary and secondary schools operate libraries for use by students and teachers. Prisons and hospitals maintain libraries too. The largest and the most important private libraries are operated by colleges and universities, and are used by students, faculty members, and occasionally by visiting scholars. Many universities have special libraries for research in particular fields, such as law, medicine and education. Recent surveys report that more than 300 million books are available in these academic libraries and they are regularly used by over 8 million students.
Questions：
16. Who drew up the rules for the first private library in the US？
17.Why was the earliest public library also called a subscription
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听力原文：M: Do you know what happened to me today？ I was so embarrassed.
W: What？
M: Well, Dr. Brown's class finished ten minutes early, so I went to the library between classes. I knew I didn't have much time, but I wanted to get those books on the Industrial Revolution. I looked them up in the card catalog and went right to the stacks and found them. So t put them in my book bag and headed back toward the door. Then it happened. The exit gate in front of the door wouldn't open, and a guard immediately, warned me that I hadn't checked out my books. He thought I was trying to steal them.
W: That must have been embarrassing. But why didn't the exit gate open？
M: I asked them that. It seems the books in the library are all magnetically coded, and when you check them out, the librarian behind the desk demagnetizes them, then the exit gate will open.
W: How interesting! I still don't quite understand how they do it, though. I'll have to go to the library and see it for myself.
(20)
A．Books could be lent to everyone.B．Books could be lent by book stores.C．Books were le
外在社会控制可以运用正式和()的社会约束来促使人们遵从各种外在压力。
Why are so many people so afraid of failure？ Quite simply because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes an experience that will lead to growth. We forget that failure is part of the human condition and that, as the family therapist Virginia Satire observes, "every person has the right to fail."
Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or protecting their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child's hastily made table as "Perfect!" even though it moves unsteadily on uneven legs. An- other way is to shift blame. If John fails science, his teacher is unfair or stupid.
When one of my daughters was ten, she decided to raise money for charity by holding a carnival. Proud of her, we hastily allowed her to put posters all over town. We realized too late that she couldn't possibly handle all the refreshments, shows, and games promised in the posters. The whole family pitched in to prevent embarrassing failure--and the next year she advertised an even more ambitious event. Why not？ We had kept her from discovering her limitations.
The trouble with failure-prevention devices is that they leave a child unequipped for life in the real world. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time--and that it's possible to enjoy a game even when you don't win. A child who's not invited to a birthday party, who doesn't make the honor roll of the baseball team, feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick consolation prize or say, "It doesn't matter, "because it does. The youngster should be allowed to experience disappointment-and then be helped to master it.
Failure is never pleasurable. It hurts adults and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask" Why did I fail？ "Resist the natural impulse to blame someone else. Ask yourself what you did wrong, how you can improve. If someone else can help, don't be shy about inquiring.
When I was a teenager I failed to get a job, I'd counted on, I telephoned the interviewer to ask why, "Because you came ten minutes late," I was told, "We can't afford employees who waste other people's time." The explanation was reassuring (I hadn't been rejected as a person) and helpful, too, I don't think I've been late for anything since.
Success, which encourages repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. You can learn from a disastrous party how to give a good one, from an ill-chosen first house what to look for in a second. Even a failure that seems definitive can prompt fresh thinking, a change of direction. After twelve years of studying ballet (a dance in which a story is told without speech or singing, a friend of mine came to a professional company (for a job). She was turned down, "Would further training help？ " she asked. The ballet master shook his head. "You will never be a dancer," he said. "You haven't the body for it. ' In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock courageously, asking, "What have I left？ What else can I do？ 'My friend put away her toe shoes and moved into dance therapy, a field where she's both competent and useful.
Failure frees one to take risks because there's less to lose. Often there's a renewal of energy--an awareness of new possibilities.
Which of the following would be the best title for this selection？
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