题目内容
What Is a Dream？
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however,think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person&39;s mind and emotions.
Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person&39;s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud&39;s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person&39;s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.
Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men&39;s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women&39;s dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves？ Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn&39;t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It&39;s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful. 查看材料
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Batteries Built by Viruses
What do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common？ They&39;re all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It&39;s no wonder that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of viruses is what&39;s on people&39;s minds.
Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though. In Cambridge, Massachusetts,scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world&39;s smallest rechargeable batteries.
Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they&39;re not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology,technology and production techniques.
Belcher&39;s team includes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tiny batteries, and Yet-Ming Chiang, an expert on how to store energy in the form. of a battery. "We&39;re working on things we traditionally don&39;t associate with nature," says Hammond.
Many batteries are already pretty small. You can hold A, C and D batteries6 in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than a penny. However, every year, new electronic devices like personal music players or cell phones get smaller than the year before. As these devices shrink, ordinary bakeries won&39;t be small enough to fit inside.
The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now, Belcher&39;s model battery, a metallic disk completely built by viruses, looks like a regular watch battery. But inside,its components are very small-so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.
How small are these battery parts？ To get some idea of the size, pluck one hair from your head.
Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see how wide your hair is-pretty thin, right？
Although the width of each person&39;s hair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts, side to side, across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses7.
According to the first paragraph people try to __________. 查看材料
Living History at Jamestown Settlement
A woman in Native American clothes is sitting in the sun, sewing a dress from skin. Inside a building, a colonist is making a wooden chair, using very simple tools. And all around, tourists are taking pictures with their digital (数码的) cameras. This is Jamestown Settlement today.
Jamestown, Virginia, was one of the first places in the world where people from Europe, America, and Africa came together in 1608. Today, it is a living history museum, where children and adults come to experience history. In a living history museum, actors wear clothes from the past and demonstrate many of the activities of daily life back then. The actors also talk to the visitors and explain everything they do.
At a Living History museum, there are always many things to touch, hear and smell. Visitors at Jamestown Settlement can walk through copies of the three small sailing ships that carried colonists to Virginia and even lie down in a colonist&39;s bed. The colonists stayed on the crowded,dangerous ships for more than four months. When they got to Virginia they built an area of houses with a high wall around it in today&39;s fort (堡垒 ), you can see houses, a church, and even a garden with foods that the colonists ate. Women in long dresses work inside their homes, and visitors can help them with their sewing and cooking.
There is also an Indian Village at Jamestown Settlement, and it looks very different from the fort. It shows how the Indians lived in long houses and grew corn and other crops in large fields.
Actors there make pottery (陶器) and teach visitors how to play Indian games. You can even help them make an Indian boat from a tree.
Today the living history museum of Jamestown is very popular, especially with children and families.
People come here to have fun, but also to learn. Many school classes visit to experience old ways of getting things done. A living history museum is the best way to understand how people lived in the past.
Tourists like to take pictures in Jamestown Settlement today. 查看材料
Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below. Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet. Traditional refrigerators use 11___________ pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computer microprocessors 12___________ materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded 13___________ effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car 14___________ may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.
11.___________
13.___________
14.___________
12.___________
Rescue Platform
In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, security experts are trying to develop new ways of rescuing people from burning skyscrapers. One__________ (51) is a platform. capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air__________ (52) a helicopter. The platform. would rise up and down alongside a skyscraper and pick up people __________(53) in high stories.
The idea for vertical takeoff platform. was hatched (策划) more than ten years ago by a Russian aerospace engineer, David Metreveli, who has since moved to Israel. Metreveli&39;s design__________(54) the Eagle, calls for two jet engines that__________ (55) four large horizontal propellers. The spinning of the propellers __________(56) the necessary lift, or upward force, to raise the platform. The more__________(57) is supplied to the propellers, the higher the platform__________(58). Moving the platform. sideways involves__________ (59) differing amounts of power to each propeller.
Helicopters are now used in some__________ (60) to get people out of burning building. Escape baskets slung from them dangle beside the building for people to climb into.__________(61) , the baskets cannot reach every floor of a building__________ (62) the ropes from which they hang become unstable __________ . (63) a certain length.
So far, Metreveli has built a small-scale model of the Eagle to__________ (64) his idea. In the wake of September 11, he has been able to secure enough funding to start building a larger,4-meter by 4-meter prototype,__________ (65) he calls the Eaglet.
_________ 查看材料
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