题目内容
Taking the nation-state as our point of spatial reference, we can differentiate
not only between historiographies on a sub-national level like
villages and cities, but units on a supra-national level. Applied to concrete forms
of historiography, however, we confront at least three kinds of problems that
(5) complicate this scheme, the first of which, the ideological load of some spatial
concepts, was put on the agenda by Edward Said's analysis of the notion of the
"Orient". Said has shown that though most spatial concepts initially appear quite
neutral and innocent, they often carry important ideological and political
implications. Like "the Orient", the notion of "the primitive", "the savage"
(10) and the "barbarian" have fulfilled similar ideological functions in the colonial
encounter, because—like "the Orient"—they were used as the justification of
the domination of "the primitive" by its supposed opposite: the "civilized" part
of the world.
The second problem is that the spatial scope of a historical work is not
(15) always what it seems, especially instances when we would like to assess the
relationship between regional and national historiographies. The microcosm of
the region functions may sometimes be substituted illegitimately for the
macrocosm of the nation—take for instance, the confusion of Holland for the
whole of the Netherlands, a problem that has complicated the classification of
(20) historiographies on basis of spatial markers. The third and perhaps most
troubling problem in our spatial scheme is the essentially contested character of
its central concept: the nation. The nation belongs to the same category as
notions like "freedom" and "democracy" that also refuse unambiguous definition
and the fundamental problem in the discourse on the nation is that the nation
(25) does not necessarily coincide with the state or even with the nation-state.
Sometimes spatial units at a sub-state level, like provinces or tribal areas are
represented as nations, and sometimes nations are represented as supra-national
units, units exceeding the borders of a nation-state.
It is not the task of professional historians to solve these practical issues—
(30) this is a matter of politics—but to clarify the different historical representations
in each case. Historians do not have a special task in solving political problems,
but as professional specialists of the past they have the task of clarifying the
historical roots of political problems, a practice that amounts to the
identification and the integration of the different and often conflicting
(35) perspectives pertaining to present day issues. It is neither realistic nor
reasonable to expect consensus in historiography; as in politics, the most we
can strive for is a sound knowledge of the different points of view, leading to a
maximum of empathy and to mutual understanding of past and present positions.
Which of the following best states the main point of the passage？
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SECTION 3
Directions: Each passage in this group is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage, choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage.
Air turbulence can substantially accelerate the appearance of large droplets
triggering rain by presenting a new mechanism, the "sling effect", which
increases collisions of droplets that have become detached from the airflow.
First, vapor condensation in cloud cores produces small droplets resembling one
(5) another in size, which then expand to raindrop size by coalescing under the
effects of air turbulence—a force thought to cause collisions of similar-sized
droplets whose radii exceed a few micrometers. Then, turbulent vortices act as
small centrifuges that spin heavy droplets out, creating concentration
heterogeneities and jets of droplets, both of which increase the mean collision
(10) rate, which in turn accelerates rain initiation.
One can conclude that rain prediction requires a quantitative description of
droplet collision in turbulence, a mechanism which helps meteorologists to
forecast rainfall, but detailed understanding of the phenomenon entails
consideration of such factors as warm and cold fronts stretching over hundreds
(15) of miles, individual clouds perhaps a mile or so across, and even, as the
mechanism illustrates, tiny eddies perhaps a few centimeters or so in size.
The primary purpose of the passage is to
SECTION 2
Directions: In each of the following questions, a related pair of words or phrases is followed by five lettered pairs of words or phrases. Select the lettered pair that best expresses a relationship similar to that expressed in the original pair.
ADDENDUM: DOCUMENT ：：
It can not be denied that the existing resources on earth will be depleted, but scientists
Witkins rightly argues that population may be deemed a valid sustainable
development indicator—that sustainability can only be implemented by limiting
population below the carrying capacity of the Earth. This thesis works relatively
well when one presupposes that global per capita consumption is homogenous,
(5) and that the global ecosystem can perform. with uniform. effectiveness the tasks
of supplying resources and assimilating wastes, but in reality population effects
vary widely due to vast regional differences in ecosystem characteristics. While
large populations exert considerable stress on their ecosystems, small
populations with high rates of consumption can eclipse the effect of larger
(10) populations operating at lower rates of consumption. Per capita consumption of
energy may exponentially exceed the physiological energy requirements of
humans, requiring that both population and consumption be taken into account.
Witkins thus ignores the corollary that the impact of population tends to be more
significant on a national level than that of consumption adjusted population, but
(15) on a global level, the opposite obtains.
The passage supplies information that would answer which of the following questions？
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