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A．They should cut more trees and not use any materials harmful for human health.B．They
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A．He will go to somebody else for help.B．He will alter the woman's suggestion.C．He wil
Until about 30 years ago, language researchers focused their studies on infants who had already begun to babble, according to Jusczyk, who has written a book on how children acquire language titled The Discovery of Spoken. Language. Babies start to vocalize at around four months of age, and to babble in strings of words at around six or seven months.
"Theories around at that time said that infants perceived speech sounds by producing them," says Jusczyk. In other words, by listening to themselves babble, babies learned to tell one sound from another. Mom, Dad, or the babysitter would reinforce these sounds by repeating their utterances like, "Baba! That's bottle."
Researchers, however, had not developed methods of deciphering what went through a baby's mind before baby uttered his first "Ma" or "Papa". So Jusczyk and other experimentalists devised techniques that allow them to study the pre-babbler. They have demonstrated that speech is the culmination of a tremendous amount of learning. Long before a baby utters his first "baba", the researchers discovered, his mind is furiously sorting out the sounds and shapes of words and sentences.
Colleagues credit Jusczyk for being one of the key experimentalists to bridge the gap between the study of infant speech perception and language development. "Peter is the father of a lot of this work," says Robin Cooper, an associate professor of psychology, who studies infant language acquisition.
In their decades-long search for the universal truths about language acquisition, Jusczyk and collaborators around the world have found that at every stage of development, babies know a lot more than they'd been given credit for. The very seeds of language learning, in fact, start to develop in the womb (子宫).
Researchers cannot easily investigate language perception in the womb, however. So they study newborn babies' reactions to sounds that mimic the muffled language that penetrates the womb. In this technique, newborn babies listen to filtered recordings of a woman (the baby's mother or another mother) speaking, while sucking on a pacifier (婴儿用的橡皮奶头) that is attached to a pressure transducer (传感器). Filtering erases the crisp edges of words, while leaving intact other features such as rhythm, melody, pitch, and intonation—similar to what a fetus (胎儿) hears in the womb. "It's kind of like listening to a stereo next door," says William Fifer, an associate professor of developmental psychobiology at Columbia University. "You hear a lot of bass, but not the crisp, clear high frequencies."
Using this technique, Fifer and his colleagues found that newborns suck harder on the pacifier when listening to filtered recordings of their own mother's voice in comparison to another mother's. The newborns thus recognize and prefer their own mother's voice, concludes Fifer.
In further studies, Jusczyk and postdoc Thierry Nazzi found that newborns prefer filtered recordings of their own native language over that of a foreign language. "Babies like what they know," says Jusczyk. "Newborns," he says, "apparently learn the rhythm of their native language and of their mother's voice while in the womb."
How do babies recognize different sounds？
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.
听力原文： Astronomers are still learning about sunspots and about their effects on us, but believe that the spots on the sun, which were first observed through a telescope by Galileo in 1610, are electrical in nature.
Sunspots vary in size from what appear to be small specks on the sun's surface, to at least 90,000 miles long, and 200,000 miles in length, and are visible on most clear days.
When sunspots release their electrical energy, they shoot beams of negatively charged electrons into space, some of which escape into the Earth's atmosphere. These electrons create electrical effects, such as the aurora borealis, or Northern Lights, cause the disruption of radio transmissions, and increase the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere. The additional ozone may absorb more than the usual amount of the sun's heat, which in turn may affect our weather.
The sunspot cycle, is a recurring 11-year period over which the number of sunspots fluctuates and corresponds to the number of sun flares. An increase in the number of sun flares leads to an increase in the number of sunspots, and a decrease in the number of sun flares leads to a decrease in the number of sunspots,
Records of sunspots have only been kept for the last 100 years or so, leaving astronomers with little to back their research and much yet to discover about this phenomenon.
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听力原文： Many children first learn the value of money by receiving an allowance. The purpose is to let children learn from experience at an age when financial mistakes are not very costly.
The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish differs from family to family. Timing is another consideration. Some children get a weekly allowance. Others get a monthly allowance.
In any case, parents should make clear what, if anything, the child is expected to pay for with the money.
Young children may spend all of their allowance soon after they receive it. If they do this, they will learn the hard way that spending must be done within a budget. Parents are usually advised not to offer more money until the next allowance.
Though jobs at home for young children are a normal part of family life, paying children to do extra work around the house can be useful. It can even provide an understanding of how a business works.
Allowances give children a chance to experience the three things they can do with money. They can share it in the form. of gifts or giving to a good cause. They can spend it by buying things they want. Or they can save it.
Saving helps children understand that costly goals require sacrifice: You have to cut costs and plan for the future.
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