题目内容
Communications Revolution
Cyberspace, data superhighway, multi-media—for those who have seen the future, the linking of computers television and telephones will change our lives for ever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the West concerns itself with the "how", the question of "for whom" is put aside once again.
Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important that the production of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets—with destructive impact on the have-nots.
For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine. As "futures" are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.
So what are the options for regaining control？ One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves—so-called "development communications" modernization. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries' economies.
Communications technology is generally exported from the U. S., Europe or Japan; the patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries. It is also expensive, and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit—credit usually provided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain.
Furthermore, when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit it for native development. This means that while local elites, foreign communities and subsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit, those whose lives depend on access to the information are denied it.
From the passage we know that the development of high technology is in the interests of______.
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Many Women Who Beat Cancer Don't Change Habits
Many women who battle breast cancer will tell you it's a life-changing experience. However, a new study shows that for many (51) , the changes aren't always positive or permanent.
Beth Snoke has watched her mother and both grandmothers battle and survive breast (52) . So when she was diagnosed, there was no doubt in her mind (53) she had to do.
"I do exactly what the doctors say as far as the medicine that I'm on , as (54) as the vitamins, the diet, and the fitness. And I can't stress enough (55) important that is. " says Beth Snoke. But a surprising new study shows that (56) every woman who beats breast cancer is getting that message. In fact, nearly 40% of them say even (57) surviving breast cancer, they haven't made significant changes in the (58) they eat or how much they exercise.
"Not all survivors are taking advantage of this teachable moment and making positive health changes in (59) life. " says Electra Paskett, PhD, at Ohio State University's Comprehensive Cancer Center. Paskett says diet and exercise have been proven to not only help women feel better during and after treatment, they may (60) play a role in preventing some cancers from coming back. (61) growing evidence, some women just aren't listening.
"Colon cancer survivors (62) exercise have actually been shown to have improved survival rates. So, yes, it is true that perhaps by making some of these healthy choices we can actually increase their health. " says Paskett.
As a breast cancer survivor (63) , Paskett knows first hand how much difference diet and exercise can (64) . The challenge, she says, is to get more survivors to be more like Beth.
Experts say exercising more and eating a healthier diet can also cut (65) on stress and help women overcome depression. There are more than 2 million breast cancer survivors living in the U. S. of those, nearly a million have yet to change their diet or exercise routines.
(51)
Cigars Instead
Smoking one or two cigars a day doubles the risk of cancers of the lip, tongue, mouth, and throat, according to a government study.
Daily cigars also increase the risk of lung cancer and cancer of the esophagus, and increase the risk of cancer of the larynx (voice box) six fold , say researchers at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland.
In addition, the report revealed that smoking three or four cigars a day increased the risk of oral cancer to 8 times the risk for nonsmokers and the risk of esophageal cancer by four times the risk of nonsmokers.
The health effects of smoking cigars is one of eight sections of the article "Cigars: Health Effects and Trends". The researchers report that, compared with a cigarette, a large cigar emits up to 90 times as much carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines.
"This article provides clear and invalidating information about the disturbing increases in cigar use and the significant public health consequences for the country. " said Dr. Richard Riausner, director of the National Cancer Institute, in a statement.
"The data are clear—the harmful substances and carcinogens in cigar smoke, like cigarettes, are associated with the increased risks of several kinds of cancers as well as heart and lung diseases. " he added. "In other words, cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes and may be addictive. "
"To those individuals who may be thinking about smoking cigars, our advice is—don't. Tothose currently smoking cigars, quitting is the only way to eliminate completely the cancer, heart and lung disease risks. " warned Klausner.
According to a National Cancer Institute press releases , there haven't been any studies on the health effects on nonsmokers at cigar social events, but "'"a significant body of evidence clearly demonstrates an increased lung cancer risk from secondhand smoke. "
According to the report, smoking three or four cigars a day______.
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