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1 About the time that schools and others quite reasonably became interested in seeing to it that all children, whatever their background, were fairly treated, intelligence testing became unpopular.
2 Some thought it was unfair to minority children. Through the past few decades such testing has gone out of fashion and many communities have indeed forbidden it. However, paradoxically, just recently a group of black parents filed a lawsuit in California claiming that the state's ban on IQ testing discriminates against their children by denying them the opportunity to take the test. (They believed, correctly, that IQ tests are a valid method of evaluating children for special education classes.) The judge, therefore, reversed, at least partially, his original decision.
3 And so the argument goes on and on. Does it benefit or harm children from minority groups to have their intelligence tested？ We have always been on the side of permitting, even facilitating, such testing. If a child of any color or group is doing poorly in school it seems to us very important to know whether it is because he or she is of low intelligence, or whether some other factor is the cause.
4 What school and family can do to improve poor performance is influenced by its cause. It is not discriminative to evaluate either a child's physical condition or his intellectual level. Unfortunately, intellectual level seems to be a sensitive subject, and what the law allows us to do varies from time to time. The same fluctuation back and forth occurs in areas other than intelligence. Thirty years or so ago, for instance, white families were encouraged to adopt black children. It was considered discriminative not to do so. And then the style. changed and this cross-racial adopting became generally unpopular, and social agencies felt that black children should go to black families only. It is hard to say what are the best procedures. But surely good will on the part of all of us is needed.
5 As to intelligence, in our opinion, the more we know about any child's intellectual level, the better for the child in question.
Intelligence testing became unpopular because ______.
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The Russia's request for two computers was refused because the United States wanted to prevent their use in
1 In proposed changes to Title IX, the federal law prohibiting sex discrimination in education, the Bush administration wants to encourage creation of single-sex public schools and classes.
2 Our studies of sexism in America's education system have praised private single-sex schools because they offer the promise that education can transform. the future of girls. Girls who attend these schools speak more freely in class, are more likely to major in math and science, and perhaps most encouraging, are more likely to attend college and graduate school.
3 So, given our past support for single-sex schools, you might expect us to be real cheerleaders for the new Bush administration plan.
4 But we are not cheering.
5 There is a right way and a wrong way to explore educational innovation, and the Bush administration has chosen the latter. Congress and the public should stop it before the real problems begin.
6 The No Child Left Behind Act promises to avoid fads and to build educational programs based on scientific evidence and research. But, for public single-sex education, the Bush administration has decided we can skip the evidence. This proposal ignores sound educational policy, and is particularly troubling considering that the effectiveness of single sex education in public schools—which involve different factors from private schools—has yet to be carefully studied.
7 What we applauded in private single-sex schools was not their gender uniformity, but their educational practices. Many educators, including us, attribute much of the academic successes of these private schools to their smaller class sizes, engaged parents, well-trained teachers, and strong academic emphasis. Other educators believe that single-sex schools work less well for boys than for girls, or that only boys from low-income families benefit. Still others believe such schools may intensify gender stereotypes and homophobia. But so far, the Bush plan does not address these factors.
8 This is not the first time single-sex schooling has emerged as a quick fix. Pete Wilson, the former Republican governor of California, tried the same thing in the late 1990s, and even sweetened the pot by providing some extra funds to school districts willing to experiment with single-sex schools. A half-dozen created their own single-sex academies.
9 Did students benefit from the experiment？ It's hard to say, because—like the Bush proposal—planning and evaluation were absent. California provided no training for teachers and no clear rationale for the changes, and within a few years most of these schools returned to coeducation. There were anecdotal reports that the girls enjoyed being in an environment free of sexual harassment and classroom interruptions, while the boys' schools degenerated into a disciplinary disaster, becoming little more than magnets for troubled youth. The California experiment was a valuable lesson in how not to go about educational change—a lesson this administration has chosen to ignore.
10 What the authors of these proposed changes seem to have forgotten is that Title IX is not an educational option, it is a civil rights protection. While Title IX currently permits select single-sex classes—in physical education or to remedy past discrimination, for example—it doesn't allow schools to segregate students arbitrarily.
11 There are powerful reasons for this. Whenever groups have been segregated, the least-valued group has ended up with fewer resources and fewer opportunities. Historically that has been a costly lesson for girls (and African-Americans and the poor). The proposed changes do not require equal treatment or equal facilities, but only "substantially equal" programs. As the proposal now stands, a school could provide a single
Some development experts feel that ______.
听力原文： The Indian government has said the campaign to end child labour must be backed up by resources to help the affected countries make such a big change.
The declarations at the start of this conference made it its main goal of effective elimination of child labour. But at once sharp divisions have emerged over the best path to achieve it. Recent campaign by trade unions in the developed world have focused on banning exports of sporting goods, carpets and other products made with the help of child labour. But this conference has heard warnings from development experts as well as delegates from the Indian Subcontinent who say that kind of quick fix approach could do great damage. In Bangladesh, thousands of poor children became still poorer, or were driven to more dangerous work after western consumers organized a boycott of clothing made by child workers there. Currently, there's fresh pressure led by international trade unions to end the employment in India of thousands of children in the diamond polishing industry.
The conference will try to draw up an agenda for action made up of three main parts: new laws, more support for education, and social programmes against poverty. It's now clear it will not be easy to reach a consensus.
Participants in the conference differ greatly in their opinion about ______ to achieve the effective elimination of child labour.
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