题目内容
This region is thought to contain one quarter of the world's untapped oil and gas 12 , and there's stiff competition 13 them. America, Canada, Denmark and Norway have all staked territorial claims in the Arctic, and 14 has Russia.
Three years ago, a Russian 15 planted a titanium flag 16 the ocean floor 17 the North Pole. It was a symbol of Moscow's 18 to protect what it sees as its national interest.
In Moscow this week scientists, businessmen and politicians 19 Arctic nations will discuss co-operation, but they're also expected to push their countries' 20 in the region.
11. A. in B. at C. on D. off
12. A. sources B. reserves C. stores D. savings
13. A. in B. at C. as D. for
14. A. as B. like C.so D. such
15. A. trip B. journey C. expedition D. mission
16. A. in B. at C. for D. on
17. A. beneath B. down C. low D. into
18. A. determination B. faith C. courage D. bravery
19. A. away B. off C. from D. towards
20. A. speech B. claims C. assertion D. accounts
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A 1991年6月4日 B 1992年6月4日 C 1993年4月1日 D 1994年12月25日
听力原文： Lecturer: In the last lecture, we looked at the adverse effects of desert dust on global climate. Today we're going to examine more closely what causes dust storms and what other effects they can have. As you know, dust storms have always been a feature of desert climates, but what we want to focus on today is the extent to which human activity is causing them. And it is this trend that I want to look at, because it has wide-ranging implications. So, what are these human activities？ Well, there are two main types that affect the wind erosion process, and thus the frequency of dust storms. There are activities that break up naturally wind-resistant surfaces such as off-road vehicle use and construction and there are those that remove protective vegetation cover from soils, for example, mainly farming and drainage. In many cases the two effects occur simultaneously which adds to the problem.
Let's look at some real examples and see what I'm talking about. Perhaps the best-known example of agricultural impact on desert dust is the creation of the USA's 'dust bowl' in the 1930s. The dramatic rise in the number of dust storms during the latter part of that decade was the result of farmers' mismanaging their land. In fact, choking dust storms became so commonplace that the decade became known as the 'Dirty Thirties'.
Researchers observed a similar, but more prolonged, increase in dustiness in West Africa between the 1960s and the 1980s when the frequency of the storms rose to 80 a year and the dust was so thick that visibility was reduced to 1,000 metres. This was a hazard to pilots and road users. In places like Arizona, the most dangerous dust clouds are those generated by dry thunderstorms. Here, this type of storm is so common that the problem inspired officials to develop an alert system to warn people of oncoming thunderstorms. When this dust is deposited it causes all sorts of problems for machine operators. It can penetrate the smallest nooks and crannies and play havoc with the way things operate because most of the dust is made up of quartz which is very hard. Another example - the concentration of dust originating from the Sahara has risen steadily since the mid-1960s.
This increase in wind erosion has coincided with a prolonged drought, which has gripped the Sahara's southern fringe. Drought is commonly associated with an increase in dust-raising activity but it's actually caused by low rainfall which results in vegetation dying off.
One of the foremost examples of modern human-induced environmental degradation is the drying up of the Aral Sea in Central Asia. Its ecological demise dates from the 1950s when intensive irrigation began in the then Central Asian republics of the USSR. This produced a dramatic decline in the volume of water entering the sea from its two major tributaries. In 1960, the Aral Sea was the fourth-largest lake in the world, but since that time it has lost two-thirds of its volume, its surface area has halved and its water level has dropped by more than 216 metres. A knock-on effect of this ecological disaster has been the release of significant new sources of wind-blown material, as the water level has dropped.
And the problems don't stop there. The salinity of the lake has increased so that it is now virtually the same as sea water. This means that the material that is blown from the dry bed of the Aral Sea is highly saline. Scientists believe it is adversely affecting crops around the sea because salts are toxic to plants.
This shows that dust storms have numerous consequences beyond their effects on climate, both for the workings of environmental systems and for people living in drylands ...
SECTION 4 Questions 31-40
Questions 31-32
Complete the notes using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer
Main focus of lecture: the impact of 【31】______ on the occurrence of dust st
It was the district sports meeting．My foot still hadn’t healed(痊愈)from a(n)36 injury．Ihad37whether or not I should attend the meeting．But there I was,38for the 3,000-metrerun．．
"Ready．．．set．．．" The gun popped and we were off．The other girls rushed 39 me．Ifelt40 as I fell farther and farther behind．
"Hooray!" shouted the crowd．It was the loudest41 I had ever heard at a meeting．Thefirst-place runner was two laps(圈 )ahead of me when she crossed the finish line．
"Maybe I should42," I thought as I moved on．43, I decided to keep going．Dur-ing the last two laps, I ran44 and decided not to45 in track next year．It wouldn&39;t beworth it,46my foot did heal．
When I finished, I heard a cheer-47 than the one I&39;d heard earlier．I turned around and48 , the boys were preparing for their race．"They must be cheering for the boys．" I was leaving49several girls came up to me．"Wow, you&39;ve got courage!" one of them
told me．
"Courage？ I just50 a race!" I thought．
"I would have given up on the first lap," said another girl．"We were cheering for you．Didyou hear us？"
Suddenly, I regained51I decided to 52 track next year．I realized strength andcourage aren&39;t always 53 in medals and victories, but in the 54 we overcome(战胜)．
The strongest people are not always the people who win, 55 the people who don&39;t give upwhen they lose．
第36题应选 查看材料
A Tale of Scottish Rural Life
Lewis Grassic Gibbon&39;s Sunset Song (1932) was voted "the best Scottish novel of all
time" by Scotland&39;s reading public in 2005. Once considered shocking for its frank description of aspects of the lives of Scotland&39;s poor rural farmers, it has been adapted for stage, film, TV and radio in recent decades.
The novel is set on the fictional estate of Kinraddie, in the farming country of the Scottish northwest in the years up to and beyond World War I. At its heart is the story of Chris, who is both part of the community and a little outside it.
Grassic Gibbon gives us the most detailed and intimate account of the life of his heroine (女主人公). We watch her grow through a childhood dominated by her cruel but hard-working father;experience tragedy (her mother&39;s suicide and murder of her twin children); and learn about her feelings as she grows into a woman. We see her marry, lose her husband, then marry again. Chris has seemed so convincing a-figure to some female readers that they cannot believe that she is the creation of a man.
But it would be misleading to suggest that this book is just about Chris. It is truly a novel of a place and its people. Its opening section tells of Kinraddie&39;s long history, in a language that imitates the place&39;s changing patterns of speech and writing.
The story itself is amazingly full of characters and incidents. It is told from Chris&39; point of view but also from that of the gossiping community, a community where everybody knows everybody else&39;s business and nothing is ever forgotten.
Sunset Song has a social theme too. It is concerned with what Grassic Gibbon perceives as the destruction of traditional Scottish rural life first by modernization and then by World War I. Gibbon tried hard to show how certain characters resist the war. Despite this, the war takes the young men away, a number of them to their deaths. In particular, it takes away Chris&39; husband, Evan Tavendale. The war finally kills Evan, but not in the way his widow is told. In fact, the Germans aren&39;t responsible for his death, but his own side. He is shot because he is said to have run away from a battle.
If the novel is about the end of one way of life it also looks ahead. It is a "Sunset Song" but is concerned too with the new Kinraddie, indeed of the new European world. Grassic Gibbon went on to publish two other novels about the place that continue its story.
What is Sunset Song mainly about？ 查看材料
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