题目内容
The single most shattering statistic about life in America in the late 1990s was that tobacco killed more people than the combined total of those who died from AIDS, car accidents, alcohol, murder, suicide, illegal drugs and fire. The deaths of more than 400, 000 Americans each year, 160, 000 of them from lung cancer, make a strong case for the prohibition of tobacco, and particularly of cigarettes. The case, backed by solid evidence, has been made in every public arena since the early 1950s, when the first convincing link between smoking and cancer was established in clinical and epidemiological studies—yet 50 million Americans still go on smoking. tobacco-related illness. It is a remarkable story, clearly told, astonishingly well documented and with a transparent moral motif.
Most smokers in America eventually manage to quit, and local laws banning smoking in public have become common, but the industry prospers. The tobacco companies have survived virtually everything their opponents have thrown at them. At the end of his story, Mr. Brandt writes: "The legal assault on Big Tobacco had been all but repelled. The industry was decidedly intact, ready to do business profitably at home and abroad. "Although the conclusion is not to his liking, Mr. Brandt's is the first full and convincing explanation of how they pulled it off.
Cigarettes overcame any lingering opposition to the pleasure they gave when American soldiers came to crave them during the World War I. War, says Mr. Brandt, was "a critical watershed in establishing the cigarette as a dominant product in modern consumer culture. " Cigarettes were sexy, and the companies poured money into advertising. By 1950 Americans smoked 350 billion cigarettes a year and the industry accounted for 3.5% of consumer spending on non-durables. The first 50 years of the"cigarette century"were a golden era for Big Tobacco.
That was simply because, until the 1940s, not enough men had been smoking for long enough to develop fatal cancers (women did not reach this threshold until the 1970s). The first clinical and epidemiological studies linking eigarette-smoking and lung cancer were published only in 1950. By 1953 the six leading companies had agreed that a collective response was required. They paid handsomely for a public-relations campaign that insistently denied any proof of a causal connection between smoking and cancer. This worked well until 1964, when a devastating report from the surgeon-general's advisory committee in effect ended medical uncertainty about the harmfulness of smoking.
But Big Tobacco rode the punches. When the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ruled that health warnings must appear on each pack, the industry, consented. But it shrewdly exploited the warning: "In a culture that emphasised individual responsibility, smokers would bear the blame for willful risk-taking," notes Mr. Brandt. Many cases for damages against the companies foundered on that rock. Cigarette-makers also marshaled their numerous allies in Congress to help the passage of a law that bypassed federal agencies such as the FTC, and made Congress itself solely responsible for tobacco regulation. Describing the pervasive influence of tobacco lobbyists, he says: "Legislation from Congress testified to the masterful preparation and strategic command of the tobacco industry. "
However, the industry was powerless to prevent a flood of damaging internal documents, leaked by insiders. The companies were shown, for instance, to have cynically disregarded evidence from their in-house researchers about the addictive properties of nicotine. Internal papers also showed that extra nicotine was added to cigarettes to guarantee smokers sufficient" satisfaction".
Despite such public-relations disasters, the industry continued to win judgments, most significantly when the Supreme Court rejected by five votes to four a potentially calamitous attack that
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According to the author, Allan Brandt's attitude towards the cigarette reflected in his book is one of
In the research mentioned in the last paragraph, the archaeologist expressed their concern
Clinicians at a recent psychoanalytic conference brought forth interesting evidence that guilt, far from being the psychic impediment generally conceived, has the potential to inspire creativity, and enhance sensitivity.
Tests of prison inmates have shown significantly low scores on guilt scales, measured by psychologist - researcher Donald L. Mosber. The Mosher scales measure the tendency to feel guilt in three forms: sex guilt, hostility guilt, and general guilt, called morality conscience. Prisoners who had committed sex crimes scored low on sex guilt; those who were imprisoned the violent crimes scored low on hostility guilt; those incarcerated for crimes against property scored low on morality conscience.
Other studies conducted in the armed forces corroborate the findings that men accused of brutality to- ward those they command feel little or no sense of remorse or guilt, but tend to defend vigorously the "correctness" of their actions.
That guilt can be a lonely and lacerating burden, as has long been known. The ancient Greeks under- stood the redemptive feelings and cathartic benefits of watching the tragic hero struggle with guilt. Hamlet: plots to "catch the conscience of the King. "O’Neill re -creates the ancient themes and adds to them con- temporary guilt. The Judeo - Christian ethic transmits this heavy burden, commencing with" original sin" and continuing with the need for confession and atonement.
Although in the past many psychoanalysts, joined by a recent spate of authors, seem to have been dedicated to eliminating the sense of guilt, some clinicians hold that guilt is the necessary price for socialization.
Still others agree with Dr. Karl Menninger in the value of appropriate, or rational, guilt, and feel that a prime objective of therapeutic intervention should be to help the patient differentiate between guilt feelings that are unwarranted and unfounded, based perhaps on distorted perceptions of past occurrences, and those which are well -founded responses to real situations. The child, it is felt, should not be made to feel guilty a- bout exploring his body, just as the adult should not be ashamed of his or her sexuality. But this freedom must not be viewed as license. When tile individual’s desires or needs can be fulfilled without coming into conflict with societal needs, the albatross of guilt can be shed.
It is this new approach, this compromise, which we find surfacing in twentieth - century literature. Herzog and Willy Loman battle their needless guilt, and their experiences help us all to cope.
A point that the passage emphasizes concerning guilt is, by inference, that______.
SECTION B INTERVIEW
Directions: In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.
Now listen to the interview.
听力原文：O: Mrs. Harrison (H), thanks very much for coming down here to the station. I--I know you've been through a terrible situation here today. Urn... I'd just like to go over some of the things that you told Sergeant Clark at the bank.
H: All right.
O: Uh, would you like a cup of tea？
H: No. No, I'm fine.
O: All right.
H: Thanks.
O: Well, urn.., could you describe the two people who robbed the bank for this report we're filling out here？ Now, anything at all that you can remember would be extremely helpful to us.
H: Well, uh... just... I can only remember basically what I said before.
O: That's all right.
H: The man was tall ... uh ... about six feet, and he had dark hair
O: Dark hair.
H: And he had a moustache.
O: Very good. All right, did he have any other distinguishing marks, I mean scars, for example, anything like that？
H: Scars... um ... no. No, none that I can remember.
O: Do you remember how old he was, by any chance？
H: Uh... well, I--I guess around thirty, ...
O: Around thirty.
H: ... may be younger, plus or minus a few years.
O: Mm-hmm. All right, do you, uh, remember anything about what he might have been wearing？
H: Yes. Yes, he--he had on a dark sweater, a--a solid colour. You know, the kind of colour young people fancy nowadays.
O: Or. Urn ... anything else that strikes you at the moment？
H: I--I remember he was wearing a light shirt under the sweater. A cotton one with dark, I think, dark stripes. It looked like a good brand.
O: Ah, very good.
H: Yes, yes.
O: Mm--hmm. All right, now, can you tell us anything about the female robber, Mrs. Harrison？
H: Well, I remember that she did most of the talking. She had the gun pointed at us and she told us to lie down, and not to move if we knew what was good for us. I remember it just felt like she was pointing the gun right at me, and my little daughter was right next to me and she--she was just so frightened ...
O: Uh, Mrs. Harrison, could you describe her for us？
H: Ugh. She was wearing a wool sweater ...
O: Ah, very good.
H: I remember it was a dark color; navy blue or ... or dark grey.
O: dark grey, mm--hmm.
H: ... and I guess she was in her late twenties. Uh, her hair was short, very short and a bit curly.
O: Do you remember how tall she was？
H: Uh... about the same as myself, around five four.
O: Five four, mm--hmm. All right, do you, uh remember anything else about this woman？
H: Yes. I remember that the woman was wearing a pendant around her neck.
O: Uh--hmm.
H: I remember specifically because I was then near the counter, next to the bank manager, and my little daughter started to cry...
O: Oh.
H: ... and this woman came up to me and was very rude to my daughter. So I had a good look at her and ... and she was sort of, uh, pulling on the chain, uh, playing with the pendant.
O: Oh？
H: It was gold, uh, well, anyway, it looked like gold, and it got a strange shape.
O: Mm--hmm. Did either of them have any other, uh, noticeable characteristics, Mrs. Harrison？ Now, just take a moment
H: No, I don't...
O: ... to think about this.
H: No. No, and this is really all I can remember.
O: Well, did either of them wear glasses？
H: No, no, I'm sure of that.
O: Mm--hmm. All right, Mrs. Harrison, I really appreciate what you've been through today. I'm just going to ask you to look at some photographs before you leave, if you don't mind. It won't take very long. Can you do that for me？
H: Oh, all right.
O: Would you like to step this way with me, please？
H: Ok. Sure.
O: Thank you.
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