题目内容
Children learn almost nothing from television, and the more they watch the less they remember. They regard television purely【C1】______entertainment, resent programs that【C2】______on them and are surprised that anybody should【C3】______the medium seriously. Far from being over-excited by programs, they are mildly【C4】______with the whole thing. These are the main conclusions from a new study of children and television. The author-Cardiac Cullingford【C5】______that the modern child is a【C6】______viewer. The study suggests that there is little【C7】______in the later hours. All l 1-year-olds have watched pro grams after midnight.
Apart from the obvious waste of time【C8】______, it seems that all this viewing has little effect. Cullingford says that children can recall few details. They can remember exactly which programs they have seen but they can【C9】______explain the elements of a particular plot. Recall was in"【C10】______proportion to the amount they had watched." It is precisely because television,【C11】______a teacher, demands so little attention and response【C12】______children like it, argues Cullingford. Programs seeking to【C13】______serious messages are strongly disliked.【C14】______people who frequently talk on screen. What children like most are the advertisements. They see them as short programs【C15】______their own right and particularly enjoy humorous presentation. But again, they【C16】______strongly against high-pressure advertisements that at tempt openly to【C17】______them.
On the other hand, they are not【C18】______involved in the programs. If they admire the stars, it is be cause the actors lead glamorous lives and earn a lot of money,【C19】______their fictional skills with fast cars and shooting villains. They are perfectly【C20】______the functions of advertisements. And says Cullingford, educational television is probably least successful of all in imparting attitudes or information.
【C1】
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听力原文： The earliest libraries existed thousands of years ago in China and Egypt where collections of records on tablets of baked clay were kept in temples and royal palaces. In the western world, libraries were first established in Ancient Greece. For example, Aristotle once had a research library in the 3rd century B. C.
The first library in the United States was a private library, which could only be used by authorized readers. In 1633, John Harvard gave money and more than 300 books to a newly- established college in Massachusetts. In return for his generosity, the legislature voted the school be named Harvard College. The librarian there set rules for the new library. Only college students and faculty members could use the books. No book could be lent for more than one month.
The earliest public library was established in Philadelphia in 1731. Although this library was open to every one, all readers had to pay a membership or subscription fee in order to borrow books. Very few subscription libraries exist today. Some book and stationary stores maintain small rental libraries, where anyone may borrow books for a daily charge. The first truly free public library that circulated books to every one at no cost was started at a small New England town in 1833. Today, there are more than 7,000 free public libraries throughout the US. They contain about 160 million books which were circulated to over 52 million readers.
Historically, the major purpose of free public libraries was educational. They were expected to provide adults with the opportunity to continue their education after they left school. SO the function of public library was once described as "less reservoir than a fountain". In other words, emphasis was to be placed on wide circulation rather than on collecting and storing books. Over the years public library services have greatly expanded. In addition to their continuing and important educational role, public libraries provide culture and recreation, and they are trying to fill many changing community needs. Most libraries offer browsing rooms where readers can relax on comfortable chairs and read current newspapers and magazines. Many also circulate music records. Library programs of films, lectures, reading clubs, and concerts also attract library users. In addition to books, records, periodicals, and reference material, libraries provide technical information such as books and pamphlets on gardening, carpentry and other specialized fields of interests. The largest public library in the US is the Library of Congress. It was originally planned as the reference library for the federal legislature. Today in addition to that important function, it serves as the reference library for the public, and sends out many books to other libraries on inter- library-loan system.
Unlike free pubic libraries, which open to everyone, private libraries can be used only by authorized readers. Many industrial and scientific organizations and business firms have collections of books, journals and research data for their staffs. Several private historical associations have research collections of special interest to their members. In addition, many elementary and secondary schools operate libraries for use by students and teachers. Prisons and hospitals maintain libraries too. The largest and the most important private libraries are operated by colleges and universities, and are used by students, faculty members, and occasionally by visiting scholars. Many universities have special libraries for research in particular fields, such as law, medicine and education. Recent surveys report that more than 300 million books are available in these academic libraries and they are regularly used by over 8 million students.
Questions：
16. Who drew up the rules for the first private library in the US？
17.Why was the earliest public library also called a subscription
听力原文：M: Do you know what happened to me today？ I was so embarrassed.
W: What？
M: Well, Dr. Brown's class finished ten minutes early, so I went to the library between classes. I knew I didn't have much time, but I wanted to get those books on the Industrial Revolution. I looked them up in the card catalog and went right to the stacks and found them. So t put them in my book bag and headed back toward the door. Then it happened. The exit gate in front of the door wouldn't open, and a guard immediately, warned me that I hadn't checked out my books. He thought I was trying to steal them.
W: That must have been embarrassing. But why didn't the exit gate open？
M: I asked them that. It seems the books in the library are all magnetically coded, and when you check them out, the librarian behind the desk demagnetizes them, then the exit gate will open.
W: How interesting! I still don't quite understand how they do it, though. I'll have to go to the library and see it for myself.
(20)
A．Books could be lent to everyone.B．Books could be lent by book stores.C．Books were le
外在社会控制可以运用正式和()的社会约束来促使人们遵从各种外在压力。
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