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A How to Use a Painting Knife 使用画刀的方法
Painting with a knife is a bit like putting butter on bread and produces quite a (1) result to a brush. Painting knives are excellent for producing textured, impasto work and (2) areas of flat colour.
What's the difference between a palette knife and a painting knife？
A palette knife is a long, straight spatula that is used (3) mixing paints and scraping a palette clean. They're made from metal, plastic, or wood and (4) either be completely straight or have a slightly bent handle. A painting knife has (5) large crank in the handle, which takes your hand away from the painting surface. They (6) in numerous shapes(for example pear-, diamond-, or trowel-shaped) and are used for painting (7) of a brush. The edge of the knife is blunt, so that it doesn't cut the (8) .
What shape of painting knife should I use？
Different shaped painting knives produce different effects. For example, a short blade produces angular strokes (9) a long blade makes it easy to put down sweeps of colour.
Why can't I use a palette knife to paint with？
You can. Painting (10) just have the advantage of coming in more angular shapes and with sharper points. And (11) larger crank in the handle means there's less chance of rubbing your knuckles into wet (12) . If you're unsure whether you're going to enjoy painting with a knife, first buy a (13) , plastic palette knife and experiment a bit with this before upgrading to a wood-and-metal knife.
How do I use painting knife？
(14) the handle firmly so you're got good control. Pick up some paint off your palette (15) the tip, as you'd pick up some butter with a knife. Use the side of the (16) to spread paint across your canvas, or press it onto the canvas, as you (17) spread butter across a slice of bread．It'll seem strange at first as it's quite (18) to using a brush. Using just the tip of the blade will produce small dots. (19) the edge of the knife down will produce fine lines. Pressing the blade flat down (20) the paint will produce ridges. Scrape back into the paint to reveal underlying layers (called sgraffito).
(1)

请使用VC6或使用【答题】菜单打开考生文件夹proj2下的工程proj2，此工程包含有一个源程序文件proj2．cpp，其中定义了Stack类和ArrayStack类。 Stack是一个用于表示数据结构“栈”的类，栈中的元素是字符型数据。Stack为抽象类，它只定义了栈的用户接口，如下所示：公有成员函数功能 push 入栈：在栈顶位置添加一个元素 pop 退栈：取出并返回栈顶元素 ArrayStack是Stack的派生类，它实现了Stack定义的接口。ArrayStack内部使用动态分配的字符数组作为栈元素的存储空间。数据成员maxSize表示的是栈的最大容量，top用于记录栈顶的位置。成员函数push和pop分别实现具体的入栈和退栈操作。请在程序中的横线处填写适当的代码，然后删除横线，以实现上述功能。此程序的正确输出结果应为： a，b，C C，b，a 注意：只在指定位置编写适当代码，不要改动程序中的其他内容，也不要删除或移动“//料found”。 //proj2．cpp include＜iostream＞ using namespacc std； class Stack{ public： virtual void push(char C)=0； virtual char pop=0； }；
class ArrayStack：public Stack{ char*P； int maxSizc； int top； public： ArravStack（int s） { top=0； maxSize=s： //*****found* P=__； } ～ArrayStack { //found _； } void push(char c) } if(top==maxSize){ cerr＜＜”Overflow! \n”： return； } //found _； top++： } char pop { if(top==0){ cerr＜＜”Underflow!、n”； return‘\0’; } Top--； //*found***** __； } }； void f(Stack&sRef) { char ch[]={‘a’，‘b’，‘c’}； cout＜＜ch[0]＜＜”，”＜＜ch[1]＜＜”，”＜＜ch[2]＜＜endl； sRef．push(oh[0])；sRef．push(ch[1])；sRef．push(ch[2])； cout＜＜sRef．poP＜＜”，”； cout＜＜sRef．poP＜＜”，”； cout＜＜sRef．poP＜＜endl； } int main { ArrayStack as(10)； f(as)： return 0： }

Section B
The annals of natural history contain many astonishing examples of the ability of animals to find their way home after making distant journeys. Salmon, for example, are born in freshwater streams and soon afterward journey down to sea. Several years later, after they have attained maturity, they swim back upstream to spawn and, in many cases, to die. The particular stream that serves as the journey's end is almost invariably the same one in which they were born. It is chosen out of dozens or hundreds of equally suitable streams. The expression "almost invariably" is used advisedly in this case. In one investigation by Canadian biologists, 469,326 young sockeye salmon were marked in a tributary of the Fraser River. Several years later almost 11,000 were recovered after they had completed a return journey to the very same stream, but not a single one was ever recovered from other streams nearby. What underwater guideposts can these fish possibly follow？ It has been discovered by A. D. Hasler and his associates at the University of Wisconsin that the salmon, like many other fish, have an acute sense of smell and are able tore member slight differences in the chemical composition of water. The most reasonable theory to explain salmon homing is that each individual remembers the distinctive "fragrance" of its native stream. As it moves upstream it makes the correct choice each time a new tributary is encountered, until finally it arrives home.
Long-distance migration is especially common in birds, because many species must make annual journeys between their nesting grounds and prime feeding areas far away. Each year over 100,000 sooty terns, an attractive tropical sea bird, travel from the waters off the west coast of Africa all the way across the Atlantic to Bush Key, a tiny island near the tip of Florida. Here they build their nests and breed. Once the young can fly, all journey back over the Atlantic. Why do the sooty terns migrate at all？ Like many other seabirds, they find protection from cats, foxes, and other predators on isolated islands. It is evidently safer for them to make an entire transoceanic voyage to reach one such haven than it would be to try to nest on the nearby African shores. A somewhat different reason lies behind the north-south migration of birds in the temperate zones. Each spring a legion of migratory forms, from robins, thrushes, and warblers to geese and ducks, makes its way north into the greening countryside, where large quantities of food are becoming freshly available. Working rapidly, they are able to rear one or more broods of young. As winter approaches and the food supply declines, all head south again. Some species proceed all the way to Central and South America. The record annual journey in the Western Hemisphere is made by the golden plover, one group of which travels from northern Canada to southern South America. A second group of the same species migrates from Alaska to Hawaii and the Marquesas Islands. Human beings could never make such journeys unaided by maps and navigational instruments. How do the birds do it？ A large part of the answer lies in their ability to use celestial clues. At migration time, caged starlings become unusually restless. If permitted to see the sun, they begin to fly toward the side of the cage that lies in the direction of their normal migration route. However, when the sky is overcast and the sun is obscured from view, their movements persist, but they are non directional. Other migratory birds fly at night and can evidently use the position of the stars to guide them. This surprising fact has been established by several biologists, including S. T. Emlen of Cornell University, who allowed a type of bird called indigo buntings to attempt flights under the artificial night sky of a planetarium. The birds oriented "correctly" with reference to the planetarium sky even when the positions of its constellations did not correspond with the position of the true constellations outside. Thus other outside influences were eliminated, and it could be concluded that the birds were able to orient to what they believed to be the position of the stars.
SUMMARY:
Animals are able to get back home after they make long journeys. Salmon, for example, are known to swim back several years later to【51】where they were born. What guide these fish upstream.9 According to scientists at the University of Wisconsin, salmon【52】and follow the fragrance of their native stream as they have a sharp【53】
Birds also make long distance migration each year. Sooty terns, a type of tropical sea bird, travel across the Atlantic from Africa to an island near Florida, where they breed and can【54】from predators. Birds also migrate in order to find food and rear their young. It is discovered that birds are aided by【55】to make distant journeys that even human beings cannot make without the assistance of navigational instruments.
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