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The medical geneticist Clyde E. Keeler (1900-1994) in _______ was probably the first to use the term 'gene therapy', although the process he was describing (the correction of gene-based deviations in plants and animals) was not envisaged as an effective therapeutic technique to treat genetic diseases in man.
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The first deliberate transfer of foreign genes into human recipients with a therapeutic purpose, was performed in ______ by the American physician Stanfield Rogers who attempted to treat three German siblings presenting with arginase deficiency, by giving them injections of the native Shope rabbit papilloma virus, but he failed.
The first recombinant DNA molecule was produced in ______ by Stanford researcher Paul Berg (1926- ). Berg joined together DNA fragments from two different viruses with the help of restriction enzymes and ligase.
In ______, Theodore Friedmann and Richard Roblin published an important paper in Science [175(4025): 949-955] describing the use of gene therapy. Friedmann and Roblin described how they induced mammalian cells to express bacterial and viral DNA, demonstrating the possibility that this method could later be used to promote therapies for treatment of human genetic diseases.
In 1973 Herbert Wayne Boyer at UCSF (1936- ) and Stanley Norman Cohen at Stanford University (1935- ) created the first recombinant DNA organisms. Together they introduced an antibiotic resistance gene into _______.
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