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The International Center for Technology Assessment (ICTA) defines 'synthetic biology; as: is a term that represents a collection of extreme forms of genetic engineering. Synthetic biology practitioners begin with computer-assisted biological engineering to design and attempt to construct ____________________________ or biological building blocks, or to redesign existing biological organisms. Synthetic biologists are not just reading and rearranging genetic code, but writing it. They are re-engineering and designing genes and creating entire genomes that do not exist in nature as well as designing and building molecules and other biological parts and products to desired specifications.

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European Commission and the Scientific Committees on Consumer Safety (SCCS), on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) and on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) (2014) says: SynBio is the application of science, technology and ________________ to facilitate and accelerate the design, manufacture and/or modification of genetic materials in living organisms. Current definitions of SynBio generally emphasize modularization and engineering concepts as the main drivers for faster and easier GMO design, manufacture and exploitation. However, the operational definition offered by the Scientific Committees here addresses the need for a definition that enables risk assessment and is sufficiently broad to include new developments in the field.

In the first month of the new millennium (January 2000), the first reports of genetic circuits that had been engineered to carry out designed functions were published. In one example, Collins and colleagues constructed a _________________________ containing promoters that drive the expression of mutually inhibitory transcriptional repressors. Cells that harbored the circuit could toggle between two stable expression states in response to external signals.

During 2000-2003, several pathogen genomes were synthesized from scratch in the lab. This indicated the feasibility of _____________________________ of genomes from existing genomic sequences without reliance on natural templates.

A circuit that showed robust, persistent oscillatory behaviour was developed by Hasty and colleagues in 2008, and was an impressive update to a series of experimental and theoretical studies on the design of ____________________.