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Since their first use in ______, the neurocenteric criteria of death — as compared with the old cardiocenteric criteria — are considered to be "among the safest medicine can achieve". In those instances in which confirmatory tests for brain death are desirable, irreversibility can, at present, be more reliably demonstrated for the whole brain concept.
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In the early 1900s, ___________ surgeon Alexis Carrel (1873–1944), in Lyon, France, the 'father of vascular surgery', was the first to suture two blood vessels together (vascular anastomosis), a procedure that made solid organ transplantation possible.
OnDec23,______,Drs.JosephE.Murray(1919-2012)andJohnPutnamMerrill(FatherofNephrology)ofPeterBentBrighamHospital(nowBrighamandWomen'sHospital)inBostontransplantedakidneyfromonemonozygotictwintoanother.Rejectiondidnotoccurasprovenbyskintransplants,andtherecipientlivedanother8yearsbeforedyingofheartcomplications.Murray won the 1990 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
American surgeon Thomas Earl Starzl (1926-2017), the first to perform liver transplantations in 1963 at the Denver Veterans Administration Hospital, reported that the initial patients receiving liver transplants survived for a maximum of ____ days.
In ______, two intestinal transplants were attempted in infants by Ralph A. Deterling (1917–1992), a distinguished vascular surgeon at the Boston Floating Hospital, a long-established innovative pediatric unit associated with Tufts–New England Medical Center.
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