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Traditional thinking up to now has been that the distinctive, upright body form. of modern humans has come about as a result of the ability to walk, and that running is simply a by-product of walking. Furthermore, humans have usually been regarded as poor runners compared to such animals as dogs, horses or antelopes. However, this is only true if we consider fast running, or sprinting, over short distances. Even an Olympic athlete can hardly run as fast as a horse can gallop, and can only keep up a top speed for fifteen seconds or so. Horses, antelopes and greyhounds, on the other hand, can run at top speed for several minutes, clearly outperforming us in this respect. But when it comes to long-distance running, humans do astonishingly well. They can maintain a steady pace for miles, and their overall speed compares favourably with that of horses or dogs.<br>Bramble and Lieberman examined twenty-six anatomical features found in humans. One of the most interesting of these is the nuchal ligament, a band of tissue that extends from a ridge on the base of the skull to the spine. When we run, it is this ligament that prevents our head from pitching back and forth or from side to side. Therefore, we are able to run with steady heads, held high. The nuchal ligament is not found in any other surviving primates, although the fossil record shows that Homo erectus, an early human species that walked upright, much as we do, also had one. Then there are our Achilles tendons at the backs of our legs, which connect our calf muscles to our heel bones -- and which have nothing to do with walking. When we run, these tendons behave like springs, helping to propel us forward. Furthermore, we have low, wide shoulders, virtually disconnected from our skulls, another anatomical adaptation which allows us to run more efficiently. Add to this our light forearms, which swing out of phase with the movement of our legs to assist balance, and one begins to appreciate the point that Bramble and Lieberman are trying to make.<br>But what evolutionary advantage is gained from being good long-distance runners? One hypothesis is that this ability may have permitted early humans to obtain food more effectively. "What these features and fossil facts appear to be telling us is that running evolved in order for our direct ancestors to compete with other carnivores for access to the protein needed to grow the big brains that we enjoy today," says Lieberman.<br>The human ability to run ______.

A. was only recently described in a scientific journal
B. played an important part in human evolution
C. is now regarded as more important than the ability to climb trees
D. is surprising when we consider evolutionary trends

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听力原文:M: Hi, Nicole, I heard you've bought a house in the suburbs, how can you manage to get to work from such a faraway place?<br>W: The commuter trains leave or arrive regularly every morning and they just don't look like the same human sardine tins as in the city.<br>M: But in a big city you can enjoy the "hustle and bustle" of life, the busy streets, the tall buildings, the crowds, the gleaming colored lights after dark...<br>W: Ken, admittedly, these are the very reasons that make me buy this house. You know, I was born in Ohio, I can't stand being separated from the land for long. In the country, I feel so close to nature. I breathe fresh air and eat fresh fruit and vegetables. Can you enjoy the "rhythm of the seasons" in downtown?<br>M: Mmm, possibly you're right. The city-dwellers almost lose touch with the land. Sometimes I'm hardly conscious of seasons from flowers and leaves around us. However in downtown there're plenty of forms of entertainment, you can ease your pressure of work and life in cinemas, theatres, discos...<br>W: In those places with the roar of traffic, crowds and endless car jams? Come on, why not listen to the humorous country sounds of cows and goats? Why not enjoy a natural beauty? I think that's the real peace and quiet needed after an exhausting day.<br>M: There's something in that, I suppose. But I'm fond of making new friends, you know, then I have a vast population m choose from if living in the city. On the contrary, in the countryside, quite possibly I can't meet more than twenty people in a whole day.<br>W: I know you've been always in the limelight since we stayed at university. However you're living just in the suburbs not in a primitive society. Now more and more people have bought or plan to buy the house in the country, you can find quite a few friends around you. It's like living in an extended family where you can relax and feel at home.<br>M: Sounds attractive! Maybe I should be one of your neighbors.<br>W: Welcome!<br>Questions:<br>19.What's the possible relationship between the two speakers?<br>20.What are they discussing?<br>21.What can we learn about the woman?<br>22.Which of the following is True about living in suburb?<br>(39)

A. Former schoolmates.
B. Colleagues.
C. Boss and secretary.
D. Neighbors.

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