Government政府<br>Government is the political system by which a (1) or community is administered and regulated．<br>Most of (2) key words commonly used to describe governments, words (3) as monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy, are of Greek (4) Roman origin. They have been current for more (5) 2,000 years and have not yet exhausted their (6) . This suggests that mankind has not changed very (7) since they were coined; but such verbal and (8) uniformity must not be allowed to hide the (9) changes in society and politics that have occurred. (10) earliest analytical use of the term monarchy occurred (11) ancient Athens, chiefly in Plato's dialogues, but even (12) Plato's time the word was not self-explanatory. There (13) a king in Macedon and a king in Persia, (14) the two societies, and therefore their institutions, (15) radically different. To give real meaning to the (16) monarchy in these two instances, it would be (17) to investigate their actual political and historical contexts. (18) general account of monarchy required then, and requires (19) , an inquiry as to what circumstances have predisposed (20) to adopt monarchy, and what have led them to reject it. So it is with all political terms.<br>(1)

The history teacher told us the ring was a piece of______treasure because it had been handed down from an ancient king.

A. invaluable
B. valued
C. previous
D. precise

We can find a full______of his political belief in his newly-published books.

A. composition
B. exposition
C. deposition
D. disposition

The archivists requested a donkey, but what they got from the mayor’s office were four wary black sheep,which, as of Wednesday morning, were chewing away at a lumpy field of grass beside the municipal archives building as the City of Paris’s newest, shaggiest lawn mowers. Mayor Bertrand Delano has made the environment a priority since his election in 2001, with popular bike- and car-sharing programs, an expanded network of designated lanes for bicycles and buses, and an enormous project to pedestrianize the banks along much of the Seine.<br>The sheep, which are to mow (and, not inconsequentially, fertilize) an airy half-acre patch in the 19th District intended in the same spirit. City Hall refers to the project as “eco-grazing,” and it notes that the four ewes will prevent the use of noisy, gas-guzzling mowers and cut down on the use of herbicides. Paris has plans for a slightly larger eco-grazing project not far from the archives building, assuming all goes well; similar projects have been under way in smaller towns in the region in recent years.<br>The sheep, from a rare, diminutive Breton breed called Ouessant, stand just about two feet high. Chosen for their hardiness, city officials said, they will pasture here until October inside a three-foot-high, yellow electrified fence.<br>“This is really not a one-shot deal,” insisted René Dutrey, the adjunct mayor for the environment and sustainable development. Mr. Dutrey, a fast-talking man in orange-striped Adidas Samba sneakers, noted that the sheep had cost the city a total of just about $335, though no further economic projections have been drawn up for the time being.<br>A metal fence surrounds the grounds of the archives, and a security guard stands watch at the gate, so there is little risk that local predators — large, unleashed dogs, for instance — will be able to reach the ewes.<br>Curious humans, however, are encouraged to visit the sheep, and perhaps the archives, too. The eco-grazing project began as an initiative to attract the public to the archives, and informational panels have been put in place to explain what, exactly, the sheep are doing here.<br>“Myself, I wanted a donkey,” said Agnès Masson, the director of the archives, an ultramodern 1990 edifice built of concrete and glass. Sheep, it was decided, would be more appropriate.<br>But the archivists have had to be trained to care for the animals. In the unlikely event that a ewe should flip onto her back, Ms. Masson said, someone must rush to put her back on her feet.<br>Norman Joseph Woodland was born in Atlantic City on Sept. 6, 1921. As a Boy Scout he learned Morse code, the spark that would ignite his invention.<br>After spending World War II on the Manhattan Project , Mr. Woodland resumed his studies at the Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia (it is now Drexel University), earning a bachelor’s degree in 1947.<br>As an undergraduate, Mr. Woodland perfected a system for delivering elevator music efficiently. He planned to pursue the project commercially, but his father, who had come of age in “Boardwalk Empire”-era Atlantic City, forbade it: elevator music, he said, was controlled by the mob, and no son of his was going to come within spitting distance.<br>The younger Mr. Woodland returned to Drexel for a master’s degree. In 1948, a local supermarket executive visited the campus, where he implored a dean to develop an efficient means of encoding product data. The dean demurred, but Mr. Silver, a fellow graduate student who overheard their conversation, was intrigued. He conscripted Mr. Woodland.<br>An early idea of theirs, which involved printing product information in fluorescent ink and reading it with ultraviolet light, proved unworkable.<br>But Mr. Woodland, convinced that a solution was close at hand, quit graduate school to devote himself to the problem. He holed up at his grandparents’ home in Miami Beach, where he spent the winter of 1948-49 in a chair in the sand, thinking.<br>To represent information visually, he realized, he would need a code. The only code he knew was the one he had learned in the Boy Scouts.<br>What would happen, Mr. Woodland wondered one day, if Morse code, with its elegant simplicity and limitless combinatorial potential, were adapted graphically？ He began trailing his fingers idly through the sand.<br>“What I’m going to tell you sounds like a fairy tale,” Mr. Woodland told Smithsonian magazine in 1999. “I poked my four fingers into the sand and for whatever reason — I didn’t know — I pulled my hand toward me and drew four lines. I said: ‘Golly! Now I have four lines, and they could be wide lines and narrow lines instead of dots and dashes.’”<br>Today, bar codes appears on the surface of almost every product of contemporary life.All because a bright young man, his mind ablaze with dots and dashes, one day raked his fingers through the sand.

【试题二】国际经验与中国特色<br>中国作为后发现代化国家，极其需要借鉴国际经验。同时，在和平崛起进程中，中国又要以自己为主，来关注和解决自己的问题。这就是说，中国的现代化一定要有中国特色。<br>比如，在农业问题上，中国将努力走出一条新的节约型道路，即有中国特色的节约方式。现在美国人均年消费石油25桶，而中国人均消费不到1桶半。如果中国人不顾自己的条件，异想天开想做起“美国梦”，那我们对能源急切需求就会给自己，同事也会给人类带来沉重的负担和无尽的麻烦。<br>又比如，在农村富余劳动力的转移上，我们将逐步走出一条中国特色的城市化道路。目前，中国农村劳动力有5亿多人，今后20年大约有两亿多人要转移出来，在这个问题上，中国人不能做“欧洲梦”。欧洲在近代历史上，总共有6000多万人走到世界各地，到处建立殖民地，改变了世界版图。21世纪上半叶的中国人，只能在自己的国土上，通过城市和农村的精心协调发展，通过引导农村富余劳动力在不丧失土地的条件下，在城乡之间有序流动，来解决这个世界级的大难题。

60年来特别是改革开放30年来，中国取得了举世瞩目的发展成就，经济实力和综合国力显着增强，各项社会事业全面进步，人民生活从温饱不足发展到总体小康，中国社会迸发出前所未有的活力和创造力。<br>同时，我们清醒地认识到，中国仍然是世界上最大的发展中国家，中国在发展进程中遇到的矛盾和问题无论规模还是复杂性都是世所罕见。要全面建成惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，进而基本实现现代化、实现全体人民共同富裕，还有很长的路要走。<br>我们将继续从本国国情出发，坚持中国特色社会主义道路，坚持改革开放，推动科学发展，促进社会和谐，全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设，全力做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。

【英译汉必译题】<br>This week and next, governments, international agencies and nongovernmental organizations are gathering in Mexico City at the World Water Forum to discuss the legacy of global Mulhollandism in water - and to chart a new course.<br>They could hardly have chosen a better location. Water is being pumped out of the aquifer on which Mexico City stands at twice the rate of replenishment. The result: the city is subsiding at the rate of about half a meter every decade. You can see the consequences in the cracked cathedrals, the tilting Palace of Arts and the broken water and sewerage pipes.<br>Every region of the world has its own variant of the water crisis story. The mining of groundwaters for irrigation has lowered the water table in parts of India and Pakistan by 30 meters in the past three decades. As water goes down, the cost of pumping goes up, undermining the livelihoods of poor farmers.<br>What is driving the global water crisis？ Physical availability is part of the problem. Unlike oil or coal, water is an infinitely renewable resource, but it is available in a finite quantity. With water use increasing at twice the rate of population growth, the amount available per person is shrinking - especially in some of the poorest countries.<br>Challenging as physical scarcity may be in some countries, the real problems in water go deeper. The 20th-century model for water management was based on a simple idea: that water is an infinitely available free resource to be exploited, dammed or diverted without reference to scarcity or sustainability.<br>Across the world, water-based ecological systems - rivers, lakes and watersheds - have been taken beyond the frontiers of ecological sustainability by policy makers who have turned a blind eye to the consequences of over- exploitation.<br>We need a new model of water management for the 21st century. What does that mean？ For starters, we have to stop using water like there"s no tomorrow - and that means using it more efficiently at levels that do not destroy our environment. The buzz- phrase at the Mexico Water forum is "integrated water resource management." What it means is that governments need to manage the private demand of different users and manage this precious resource in the public interest.

【英译汉必译题】<br>Strolling beside Amsterdam’s oldest canals, where buildings carry dates like 1541 and 1603, it is easy to imagine the city’s prosperity in the 17th century. Replace today’s bicycles and cars with horse-drawn carts, add more barges on the waterways, and this is essentially how Amsterdam must have looked to Rembrandt as he did his rounds of wealthy merchants.<br>Such musings are not, of course, unprompted. This year, Amsterdam is celebrating the 400th anniversary of Rembrandt’s birth, and it is hard to escape his shadow. His birthplace in Leiden, 20 miles south, has naturally organized its own festivities. But Amsterdam has two advantages: it boasts the world’s largest Rembrandt collection — and tourists like to come here anyway.<br>True, anniversaries can be pretty corny, but what city resists them？ This year, Amsterdam is competing with Salzburg, where Mozart was born 250 years ago, and Aix-en-Provence, where Cézanne died a century ago. A sign in Amsterdam’s tourist office by the Central Station hints at one motive for such occasions: “Buy your Rembrandt products here.”<br>Still, if you start off by liking Rembrandt, as I do, there is much to discover. For instance, when in Amsterdam I always make a point of paying homage to the Rembrandt masterpieces in the Rijksmuseum, yet until now I had never bothered to visit Rembrandt House, where the painter lived from 1639 until driven out by bankruptcy in 1658. In brief, I had never much connected his art to his person.<br>Now, at least, I have made a stab at doing so because, for this anniversary (he was born on July 15, 1606), Amsterdam has organized a host of events that offer insights into Rembrandt’s world. They highlight not only what is known about his life, but also the people he painted and the city he lived in from the age of 25 until his death at 63 in 1669.<br>Although the Rijksmuseum is undergoing a massive renovation through 2009, the museum is not snubbing its favorite son. Throughout the year, in part of the building to be renovated last, it is presenting some 400 paintings and other 17th-century objects representing the Golden Age in which Rembrandt prospered. These include works by Jan Steen, Vermeer and Frans Hals as well as by Rembrandt and his pupils. And they climax with Rembrandt’s largest and best known oil, “The Night Watch,” itself the focus of “Nightwatching,” a light and sound installation by the British movie director and Amsterdam resident, Peter Greenaway.

【汉译英必译题】<br>从19世纪40年代之后的鸦片战争、甲午战争，至20世纪30年代的日本侵华战争，中国惨遭东西方列强的屠戮和极其野蛮的经济掠夺;再加上封建腐败和连年内乱，中国主权沦丧、生灵涂炭、国力衰弱、民不聊生。深重的灾难、惨痛的事实使中华民族深知和平之珍贵、发展之重要。这样的历史实践形成了中国人民渴望和平、企求安定的心理，坚定了中国人民走和平发展道路的信念。<br>1949年新中国成立后，我们在发展道路上艰辛探索，既经历过成功的喜悦，也经受过失败的挫折。从1978年开始，中国开启了新的征程，从计划转向市场，从封闭转向开放，从自成一体转向融入经济全球化，走独立自主地建设中国特色社会主义的道路，取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就。实践充分证明，坚持走和平发展的道路是正确的，既符合中国国情，又顺应时代潮流。中国将沿着这条和平发展的道路，坚定不移地走下去。

Security men believe the tit-for-tat murders were the result of the bombing which had occurred in the city center.

A. furious
B. retaliatory
C. malevolent
D. chain