题目内容
Technology Transfer in Germany
When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nation&39;s vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas andexpertisefrom science. And though German prosperity (繁荣) has faltered (衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable record for turning ideas into profit.
Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies. But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by for pumping into start-up companies.
Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without its critics.These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science,eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur (企业家 ) , the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-driven, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years.
While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany&39;s research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer.
Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe&39;s largest organisation for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12,000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.
What factor can be attributed to German prosperity？ 查看材料
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[说明]
本程序实现对指定文件内的单词进行计数。其中使用二叉树结构来保存已经读入的不同单词，并对相同单词出现的次数进行计数。此二叉树的左孩子结点的字符串值小于父结点的字符串值，右孩子结点的字符串值大于父结点的字符串值。函数getword(char*filename，char*word)是从指定的文件中得到单词。char*strdup(char*S)是复制S所指向的字符串，并返回复制字符串的地址。
[C程序]
include ＜stdio.h＞
include ＜ctype.h＞
include ＜string.h＞
define MAXWORD 100
struct node {
char*word;
int count;
struct node*left;
struct node*right;
}
struct node*addtree(struct node*P,char*w)
{ int cond;
if(p==NULL){ /*向树中插入结点*/
P=(struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
P-＞word=strdup(w);
P-＞count=1;
(1) ;
}
elseif((oond=strcmp(w,p-＞word))==0) (2) ;
else if(cond＜0)p-＞left=(3);
else p-＞right=(4);
return p;
}
main()
{ Struct node*root;
char word[MAXWORD];
root=NULL;
filename="example.dat";
while(getword(filename,word)!=EOF))
root=(5);
}
What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe？
What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth？ Where was this low temperature recorded？ The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -90℃, which __________ (51) in Antarctica (南极洲 ) in 1983.
We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in __________ (52).
Temperatures in Earth orbit (轨道) actually range from about + 120℃ to -120℃. The temperature depends upon __________ (53) you are in direct sunlight or in shade. Obviously, -120℃ is colder than our body can __________ (54) endure.
The space temperatures just discussed affect only our area of the solar __________ (55).Obviously, it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel __________ (56) from the Sun.
Scientists estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210℃. How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe？ Again, it depends upon your __________ (57). We are taught it is supposedly __________ (58) to have a temperature below absolute zero, which is -273℃, at which atoms do not move. Two scientists, Cornell and Wieman, have successfully __________ (59)down a gas to a temperature barely above absolute zero. They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work--not a discovery, in this case.
Why is the two scientists&39; work so important to science？
In the 1920s, Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting __________ (60) about special light particles (微粒) we now call photons (光子). Bose had trouble __________ (61) other scientists to believe his theory, so he contacted Albert Einstein. Einstein&39;s calculations helped him theorize that atoms __________ (62) behave as Bose thought--but only at very cold temperatures.
Scientists have also discovered that ultra-cold (超冷) atoms can help them make the world&39;s atomic clocks even __________ (63) accurate. These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second __________ (64) six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity (速度) times time (d=υt). With the long distances involved in space__________ (65), we need to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance.$amp;_________ 查看材料;$br＞
Arthritis c关节炎) is an illness thatcan cause pain and swelling in your bones. Toads (蟾蜍),a big problem inthe north of Australia, are suffering from painful arthritis in their legs andbackbone, a new study has shown. The toads that jump the fastest are morelikely to be larger and to have longer legs. (46)
The large yellow toads,native to South and Central America, were introduced into the north-easternAustralian state of Queenslandin 1935 in an attempt to stop beetles and other insects from de-stroyingsugarcane crops. Now up t0 200 million of the poisonous toads exist in thecountry, and they are rapidly spreading through the state of Northern Territory at a rate of up t0 60 kma year. The toads can now be found across more than one million squarekilometers. (47) A Venezuelanpoison virus was tried tin the 1990s but had to be abandoned after it was foundto also kill native frog species.
The toads have severelyaffected ecosystems inAustralia.Animals, and sometimes pets, that eat the toads die immediately from theirpoison, and the toads themselves eat anything they can fit inside their mouth._ (48)
A co-author of the newstudy, Rick Shine, a professor at the University of Sydney,says that lit-tle attention has been given to the problems that toads face.Rick and his colleagues studied nearly 500 toads from Queenslandand the Northern Territoryand found that those in the latter state were very different. They were active,sprinting down roads and breeding quickly.
According to the results ofthe study, the fastest toads travel nearly one kilometer a night. (49) But speed and strength come at aprice-arthritis of the legs and backbone due to con-stant pressure placed onthem.
Inlaboratory tests, the researchers found that after about 15 minutes of hopping,arthritic toads would travel less distance with each hop (跳跃). _ (50) These toads are so programmedto move~ apparently, that even when in pain the toads travelled as fast and asfar as the healthy ones, continuing their constant march across the landscape.
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For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form. a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
【A】 The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.
【B】 Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.
【C】 Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market？ Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.
【D】 All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.
【E】 Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined —France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don' t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.
【F】 For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasibl
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