Definitions of Censorship
The term "censorship" comes from the Latin, censere "to give as one's opinion, to assess." Here are excerpts of definitions of "censorship" from U.S. organizations and publications with varying views:
Censor: One who supervises conduct and morals: as a) an official who examines materials (as publications or films) for objectionable matter; b) an official (as in time of war) who reads communications (as letters) and deletes material considered harmful to the interests of his organization.
—Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
Censorship: The use of the state and other legal or official means to restrict speech.
—Culture Wars, Documents from the Recent Controversies in the Arts
In general, censorship of books is a supervision of the press in order to prevent any abuse of it. In this sense, every lawful authority, whose duty it is to protect its subjects from the ravages of a pernicious press, has the right of exercising censorship of books.
—The Catholic Encyclopedia
Censorship
1. The denial of freedom of speech or freedom of the press.
2. The review of books, movies, etc. , to prohibit publication and distribution, usually for reasons of morality or state security.
—Oran's Dictionary of Law
Censorship: official restriction of ally expression believed to threaten the political, social, or moral order.
—Encyclopedia. com
Censorship — the prevention of publication, transmission, or exhibition of material considered undesirable for the general public to possess or be exposed to.
—Fast Times' Political Dictionary
How many dictionaries have been quoted which give the definition of Censorship only in this article?
A. 6.
B. 5.
C. 4.
D. 3.
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Independence Day
In 1767, England placed a tax on all tea used by the American colonist. The colonists protested "taxation without representation" and refused to allow the tea to be unloaded. In 1773, colonists dressed as Native Americans, boarded ships from the East India Company and threw 300 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. This became known as the Boston Tea Party and the road to freedom was begun.
On January 10, 1776 the famous pamphlet Common Sense, by Thomas Paine, was distributed. It swept the colonies invoking a sense of pride and determination. The Spirit of '76 was born.
On July 4, 1776, Congress passed the Declaration of Independence. It announced to the world that "these United Colonies" are "Free and Independent States" and absolved their ties with England, thus beginning the war for independence. They had declared their right to "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness."
Which year is the year when the American colonists began to fight a war for independence?
A. 1767.
B. 1776.
C. 1777.
D. 1779.
The Role of Religion in Korean Higher Education
It is widely believed that religious traditions, such as Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, and Christianity, had great effects on the entirety of Korean culture and society. Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism were amalgamated into Korean culture and became, in the main, axes of Korean traditional religious thought, in addition to Korean folk beliefs and shamanism. From an educational point of view, Buddhism and Confucianism had a significant impact on formal and informal elite education in the early Korean states and still remains important. Taoism, on the other hand, has affected internal and external life as opposed to Korean education. Christianity, a newly grafted religion, has also exerted an important influence upon the development of modern higher education. Therefore, the parameters of the study are Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity.
Throughout the history of Korean education, religion and education are inseparable. The examination of the role of religion in Korean higher education gives Western educators historically valuable ideas about religious components in Korean higher education. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the role of religion in Korean elite and higher education during the premodern and modern periods. In this study, "premodern era" is defined as the fourth century to the late nineteenth century, and "modern period" from 1880 to 1910.
Numerous studies have shown that religious thought has affected the spiritual and practical worlds in premodern and contemporary Korea. However, several studies examining the influence of religious and philosophical thought on Korean education indicate that three religious traditions — Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity — had an enormous impact on premodern and modern education in Korea.
In terms of Korean educational history and philosophy, there are few studies that examine the religious and philosophical ideas that historically affect Korean higher education. Kim briefly analyzes the basic philosophy and organization of Korean higher education, and Lee reviews religious and philosophical factors influencing the development of Korean higher education in terms of educational administrative theory and practice. Studies concerning the role of religion in premodern elite and modern higher education have yet to be conducted. For this reason, this study will focus on the contribution of Buddhism and Confucianism to premodern elite education in Korea, particularly the interaction between Confucianism and Christianity with modern higher education in Korea and on the role of religion in current Korean higher education.
______ has been believed NOT to have much influence on the Korean higher education.
A. Buddhism
B. Confucianism
C. Taoism
D. Christianity