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Hippocratic medicine tended to be very aggressive and observational rather than experimental. Common remedies prescribed by Hippocratic physicians included special diets, herbal medicines, exercise, baths, and massage.
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German-Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus (1493–1542), Renaissance physician Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), and English physician William Harvey (1578–1657) sought to apply the experimental method to medicine. They dissected animal and human bodies, which allowed them to develop a better understanding of human anatomy and physiology.
By the early twentieth century, physicians had mixed views about medical research. Physicians still accepted the Hippocratic ethos, but they were also interested in advancing medical science and testing new therapies. Although some physicians, such as Walter Reed, sought consent from their patients, medical practice was highly paternalistic. Physicians often treated their patients without explaining what they were doing or why. They were more concerned with helping their patients than obtaining consent and they often viewed medical experimentation as a necessary part of treatment. Indeed, physicians practicing medicine during this era did not have a clear sense of the difference between research and treatment and many mixed the two together.
By the 1930s, 28 US states had passed laws mandating involuntary sterilization of "unfit" individuals, including those who were mentally ill or disabled, criminally insane, or psychopathic. ～1,000,000 people were sterilized under US eugenics laws.
Prominent proponents of eugenics included British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (1874–1965), U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919), science fiction writer H.G. Wells (1866–1946), and even African American scholar and civil rights activist W.E.B. Dubois (1868–1963), who opposed racism but believed in encouraging the most talented members of all races to interbreed.
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