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In the 3R principles, replacementreferstomethodsthatavoidusinganimals.Thetermincludesabsolutereplacements(i.e.,replacinganimalswithinanimatesystemssuchascomputerprograms)aswellasrelativereplacements(i.e.,replacinganimalssuchasvertebrateswithanimalsthatareloweronthe_______________scale).

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In the 3R principles, reduction involves strategies for obtaining comparable levels of information from the use of fewer animals or for maximizing the information obtained from a given number of animals (without increasing pain or distress) so that in the long run _______ animals are needed to acquire the same scientific information.

Refinement and reduction, and their breakdown elements, are obvious candidates when assessing costs of an animal study protocol. Implementation of ________________ analysis will identify the weak points of welfare of procedures and housing, and hence inevitably further laboratory animal welfare.

Replacementalternativesrefer tomethodswhichavoidorreplacetheuseofanimalsinanareawhereanimalswouldotherwisehavebeenused.Thisincludesbothabsolutereplacements(i.e.replacinganimalswith___________systems,suchascomputerprograms)andrelativereplacements(i.e.replacingmoresentientanimals,suchasvertebrates,withanimalsthatcurrentexpertpeeradviceandinterpretationofscientificevidenceindicatehaveasignificantlylowerpotentialforpainperception,suchassomeinvertebrates).

Refinement alternatives refer to the modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to minimize pain and distress, and to __________ the welfare of an animal used in science from the time it is born until its death.