题目内容

Refinement alternatives refer to the modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to minimize pain and distress, and to __________ the welfare of an animal used in science from the time it is born until its death.

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Agents with a low potential to induce clinical signs are able to increase __________ between individuals, causing an increase in the numbers of animals required for scientific experiments.

In fact, most infections do not lead to overt clinical symptoms (disease) and are usually latent. Thus, the absence of clinical manifestations of infection has no or only limited diagnostic value, and ____________ infections are only detected if specific monitoring methods are applied.

All infections, apparent or inapparent, are likely to increase biological variability and hence result in a _________ in animal use.

Whenever pathogens infect laboratory animals, the immune system is activated regardless of the level of pathogenicity, and many agents also have the potential to induce _____________ of the immune system.