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9. Why is the Internet designed as a routed instead of a switched network? If it were designed as a switched network, what layers and mechanisms would need to be changed?9．为什么互联网被设计成路由式的而不是交换式的网络？如果它被设计成一个交换式的网络，则需要改变哪些层次和机制？

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10. Here we compare the overhead of routing packets and switching packets. Why is the time complexity of routing higher than switching, while the space complexity of switching is higher than routing?10．比较一下路由分组和交换分组的开销。为什么路由时间复杂度高于交换，而交换的空间复杂度要比路由的高？

11. If a new routing protocol is to be supported in routers, what should be deifned as standard and what should be left as implementation-dependent design?11．如果要在路由器上支持新的路由协议，需要将那些内容定义为标准、那些内容应该留作实现与相关的设计？

12. Content networking demands the Internet itself become more application-aware, i.e., knowing who is accessing what data and talking to whom, which would disrupt the original end-to-end argument. What changes may be brought into the network to support content networking?12．内容网络互连要求互联网本身成为更加具有应用感知的，即要求知道谁访问什么数据并与谁交流通话，但这会破坏原有的端到端观点。需要采取什么样的更改来支持内容网络互连？

13. ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) and MPLS (multi-protocol label switching) do not have stateless core networks. What states do they keep? What is the main difference in the way they keep these states?13．ATM（异步传输模式）和MPLS（多协议标签交换）没有无状态的核心网络。他们保持了什么状态？他们保持这些状态的方式上有何主要区别？