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Skimming and ScanningDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Technology in education: Current trendsA. Computers and Internet connections are becoming widely available in schools and classrooms. In 1999, 99 percent of teachers in the United States had access to a computer in their schools, and 84 percent had one or more computers in their classrooms. At the same time, Internet connections were also widespread, with 95 percent of schools and 63 percent of classrooms having access. Worldwide, many countries are making the creation and diffusion of information and communications technology (ICT) an important priority.The use of technology to find educational resourcesB. In the past, teachers attempting a problem-based curriculum felt the need to limit problems to those for which they had expertise or the local library had resources. Now the World Wide Web brings a seemingly endless amount of information on almost any subject, and it is possible for students to choose topics based on personal interest rather than availability of resources.C. Internet research projects are gaining popularity. In the spring of 1998, 30 percent of teachers surveyed (and 70 percent of those with high-speed Internet connections) reported they had assigned Internet research tasks to their students during the school year. Use of the Internet to gather information for solving problems sometimes resembles a modern version of library research, in which students gather and synthesize information from published reports. Despite the fact that the task seems traditional, the characteristics of this new medium require special skills for students. The sheer volume of information allows students to study almost any topic, but also makes it more difficult to locate precisely the right information from among the thousands, or even millions, of sites. In addition, the ease of publishing materials on the Internet increases the likelihood that students will encounter inaccurate or biased information. As a result, students must learn new strategies for conducting searches and evaluating the information that they retrieve.D. Students carrying out scientific investigations can use the Internet to make observations and collect data. For example, the fourth and fifth graders in California collected insects and sent them to San Diego State University. Using two-way audio and video connecting the school and the university, scientists guided the students in using an electron microscope to examine their specimens. Technology has made it possible to collect data from places students could never visit. In recent projects, high school students explored the floor of the Monterey Bay by studying the video from remotely operated robots, and middle school students were given time to use the Hubble telescope. Students also use technology to collect data in their schools and communities. For example, using handheld computers outfitted with various types of probes (探测仪), students can monitor the water quality at various locations in nearby streams or lakes. By transmitting their individual readings to a laptop computer in a field laboratory they can quickly graph their data and visually compare readings.The use of technology to summarize and present findingsE. In the past, students memorized and used formulas and models created by others to solve problems. Students often used these formulas, especially in the early stages of learning, with little understanding. In the early 21st century computer tools provide the opportunity for students to construct and test their own models using tools such as spreadsheets (电子制表软件) or concept maps (概念图). This type of instruction deepens students' understanding of abstract concepts and allows these concepts to be taught at an earlier age.F. Once students have summarized their data and other information, they typically communicate their findings to others. Writing reports is still the most widespread use of ICT, with 61 percent of US teachers assigning students word-processing tasks. In addition to text, students also use computer-created graphics, videos, and animations to communicate their ideas.G. The teacher is not the only audience for students' presentations. Students frequently expect to present their work to and receive feedback from their peers and the world outside their classroom. Whether they are using presentation software to accompany a face-to-face presentation or developing materials to put on the Web, the trend is for students to be able to communicate their work to a broad audience. This increases students' perception that problem-based learning is real work for real audiences.The use of technology for collaboration and distance educationH. There are many opportunities for individual students to use technology to enhance their learning. These include online courses that provide students in remote locations with opportunities for customized curriculum and advanced placement courses (先修课程). These courses are conducted entirely online and offer asynchronous (异步的) interaction among faculty and students. Because they allow students to participate anytime and from anywhere, online courses are becoming increasingly popular among postsecondary (高等教育) students whose job and personal commitments do not allow them to meet a regular class schedule.I. Opportunities for interaction with peers from other countries can also contribute to knowledge and understanding of other cultures. ICT makes this type of communication possible for anyone with Internet access. For example, the Kidlink project encourages students up to age 15 to use the Internet to build a global network of friends. Kidlink participants discuss issues ranging from how to make and keep friends to war and peace.J. Monitoring students' independent learning in these flexible environments will be supported by sophisticated new assessment technologies that will help teachers collect and analyze students' data and make instructional decisions. These tools will continually assess students' work and provide feedback to them and their teachers. Such assessment has the potential to make time-consuming standardized testing unnecessary and to personalize the curriculum for every student. Ubiquitous (无所不在的), well-integrated technology tools will bring educators closer to redefine the educational enterprise and provide customized, just-in-time solutions for the learning needs of students.1. Students find it more difficult to locate the right information from among a large number of websites.2. Teachers will use sophisticated new technologies to assess students' learning in flexible environments and make instructional decisions.3. Collecting information from the Internet is similar to that in the library as students obtain published reports and process the information in both cases.4. While teachers had to limit problems to those with resources in the process of teaching in the past, students nowadays can make their own interest-based choices because of a large amount of information available on many subjects.5. Students of higher education prefer online courses to those given at fixed time and in fixed places due to their other businesses.6. The Kidlink project encourages students up to 15 to make foreign friends and have discussions about a wide range of issues on the Internet.7. Many countries around the world prioritize the creation and spread of ICT.8. By means of two-way audio and video, scientists in San Diego State University instructed the fourth- and fifth-grade students in California to observe specimens with electronic devices.9. Face-to-face presentations accompanied by software indicate the trend that students can communicate their work with more people.10. Because of computer tools, abstract concepts can be better understood by students and be taught at an earlier age.
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Skimming and ScanningDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Jobs you'll have to trust robots to do in the near futureA. Chances are you will not have a job in the future. This isn't anything against you personally, or even a comment on the economy. It's just a statement of fact. As technology (and specifically robotics) marches into the future, there will be simply less need for human workers.B. Futurist Thomas Frey has gone as far to predict that about two billion jobs (nearly 50 percent of all current jobs) will be technologically outmoded by 2030. If this prediction holds true, any child born today will graduate from high school into a radically different world where all human needs are met cheaply, but where there will be little need for actual humans.C. We've only begun to see the beginning of this new jobless age where all services are filled by robots and other assorted (各种各样的) automatons. And this coming iceberg is much bigger than you probably think. Here, we present a list of jobs that will be "manned" by robots in the closer-than-you-think future.D. Self-driving cars (or robot cars) are coming to the street near you. They are greener, cheaper and safer. So, where there's a more efficient way, there will be an economic will to develop it. Traditional manufacturers have predicted that we will see a commercially viable (切实可行的) self-driving car this decade. As these robot cars fill our streets and highways, there are a lot of occupations that will no longer need inefficient humans. Taxi drivers, bus operators and delivery jobs might be some career paths to guide your kids away from. But this driverless era would eventually outmode other jobs, too, such as gas station attendants, automotive claims adjusters and even traffic cops. If you've ever taken an airport tram to speed you between terminals, the chances are that the vehicle you were on had no human in charge. And if you want to get crazy, the everyday elevator could be described as a robot that carry people between floors (a technology that in its earliest days was run by human operators before becoming fitted to "automatically perform complicated, often repetitive tasks").E. The Republic of Korea is the nation in the vanguard (先锋) of creating a robot future. And in that robot-centric view of the future, the country has begun an ambitious plan to introduce robots into the educational system. Many of these robot classroom aides are, for now, little more than glorified novelties (新奇事物) or telepresence mediums. While these current devices might be best described as a human teacher's aide, they will develop capabilities over time and will take over more and more responsibilities currently handled by homo sapien (现代人) schoolmasters. It may sound crazy to us, but today's children are far more comfortable interacting with technology than any other previous generation. They already surf the vast digital seas with as much tenacity as their parents. It wouldn't be too much of a shock to them to have tests and lesson plans administered by what is essentially a roving interactive computer.F. Following the catastrophes in 2011, large swaths of farmland in the Miyagi prefecture in northeast Japan were left ravaged (毁坏). The soil was laden with salt and oil from the tsunami (海啸), as well as radiation contamination from the damaged Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. But where there's devastation, there is also opportunity. In this case, the opportunity is for Japan's Ministry of Agriculture to experiment with a massive "robot farm" where automated machines will grow rice, wheat, soybeans, fruits and vegetables. The so-called "Dream Project" will be built on a disaster zone spanning 600 square miles. Planning for the facility is currently underway and will be backed by a $52 million investment from the Japanese government. The project will involve unmanned tractors and other automated farmhands.G. The numbers are officially top secret, but at least one source counts some 217 drone strikes (无人机空袭) in Pakistan over the past three years. These strikes are not technically the work of robot soldiers as they are operated by remote human pilots (who are usually stationed out of harm's way on a base in Nevada). Still, they are indicative of the US military's push to remove human soldiers from the front lines.H. Unfortunately, even a fancy medical degree won't protect you from obsolescence (淘汰). XPRIZE, a non-profit organization, launched a $10 million prize for a team to invent a "Tricorder", a handheld device that could accurately make medical diagnosis without the help of a human doctor. We've already had machines that are used in minimally invasive surgery. These tools are gaining new capabilities such as the power to administer anesthesia (麻醉). There will be less need for humans in these processes as the machines become more sophisticated. Human doctors will take on greater oversight roles, before eventually not needing to be there at all. One engineer has even proposed an automated system to take over the role of hospice care at the end of a patient's life. This End-of-Life Care Machine may one day be a cold stand-in goodbye for elderly patients who live alone. At the same time, in a medical home where the elderly can sometimes feel abandoned or alone, robots could provide constant, unconditional affection or, at least, attention.I. These are just a few professions that can be taken by robots. There might not be a need for us to "work" anymore. This future requires a radical reimagining of what it means to be human.1. Inefficient people in a lot of occupations will lose their jobs as more and more robot cars run on the roads.2. Children won't find it strange to take tests and lesson plans given by an interactive computer.3. It is predicted that about half of the present jobs will be technologically out of date by 2030.4. Robots can accompany lonely old people and provide them with affection or, at least, attention.5. Drone strikes in Pakistan indicate that Americans plan to deploy automatic machines on the front lines.6. People's failure to find work in the future won't be caused by their personal reasons or the economy, but by robots' taking the place of more human workers.7. When the children born today grow up, they will have a completely different world where fewer people are needed in workplaces.8. Due to the application of complex machines, human doctors will take the role of supervision and gradually be replaced.9. In the field of education, robots won't be merely teaching aides, but will take up more responsibilities of human teachers over time.10. The disaster in Japan in 2011 has motivated the Japanese government to try a large robot farm where robots will grow plants of different kinds.
Skimming and ScanningDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.We need a heroA.What is a hero? A hero is someone who possesses and displays certain heroic attributes such as integrity, compassion, and moral courage, heightened by an understanding of the power of situational forces, an enhanced social awareness, and an abiding (持久的) commitment to social action.B. Every society needs heroes. And every society has them. The reason we don't often see them is because we don't bother to look. There are two kinds of heroes: heroes who shine in the face of great adversity, who perform an amazing feat in a difficult situation; and heroes who live among us, who do their work, unnoticed by many of us, but who make a difference in the lives of others. Heroes are selfless people who perform extraordinary acts. The mark of heroes is not necessarily the result of their action, but what they are willing to do for others and for their chosen cause. Even if they fail, their determination lives on for others to follow. The glory lies not in the achievement, but in the sacrifice. Heroes serve to remind us of the higher purpose of self and society.C. Heroism is a social concept, and—like any social concept—it can be explained, taught, and modeled through education and practice. Heroism is a common, universal attribute of human nature and not exclusive to a few special individuals. We may all be called upon to act heroically at some time, when the opportunity arises. We would do well, as a society and as a civilization, to conceive of heroism as something within the range of possibilities for every person.D. But these days rarely do we hear about ordinary men and women who have, by circumstance or fate, done something extraordinary for a greater cause or sacrificed on behalf of fellow human beings. Today's generation, perhaps more than any preceding one, has grown up without a distinct vision of what constitutes heroism, or, worse, has grown up with a flawed vision of the hero as fantastic superhero.E. The Heroic Imagination Project, or HIP, was formed in 2010 to seek to encourage and empower individuals to develop the personal attributes that lead them to take heroic action during crucial moments in their lives, on behalf of others, for a moral cause, and without expectation of gain. HIP is committed to realizing this goal in three ways. First, we will conduct and support new research that will expand society's understanding of heroic behavior. Next, we will create new educational programs in schools and on the Web that coach and mentor people in how to resist negative influences, while also inspiring them to become wise and effective heroes. Then, we will create public engagement programs that involve people everywhere to take a heroic pledge and to sign on to one of many emerging programs.F. One of the most fundamental and unique aspects of our mission is its focus on encouraging new empirical (以观察或实验为依据的) research on the nature and dynamics of heroism. There is a dearth (缺乏) of information on this idea, at least partly due to the changing definition of heroism over the last 30 years, and the earlier focus in psychology on the dark side of human nature. To build this new body of research, we are partnering with major universities and will sponsor promising doctoral candidates who devote their research to questions around this issue of heroic behavior.G. Research into the component attributes of heroism (ethical behavior, leadership, courage) and their practical application can have far-reaching benefits for society. We need to better understand the neurological and psychological basis of such phenomena as action versus passivity at the decisive moment. The components of our research initiative include Web-based surveys of self-selected individuals, analysis of a program of senior volunteers, and laboratory studies of the personal, social, and neurological roots of heroic behavior.H. Everyday heroism is the highest form of civic virtue. It transforms the personal virtue of compassion into meaningful social action. To that end, we will work to instill in all people, particularly in young people, the self-confidence and the ability to readily perform deeds that improve the lives of other individuals and society as a whole. We believe it begins by adopting and internalizing the mind-set of a heroic imagination—I can do that, I can be a hero when the opportunity arises.I. We are now developing specific program modules for scholastic, corporate, and military audiences. Our initial program is being launched in middle and high schools and provides young people with tools to encourage heroic self-identification. The aim is to fortify (加强) their moral framework and coach them to act beyond their comfort zone—but wisely so. Our corporate heroic leadership programs and accountability/integrity programs are currently in design and will roll out soon. We are also launching a comprehensive website that will celebrate the community of everyday heroes, while taking our mission and our programs to the general public.J. By redefining these ideas for contemporary audiences, we can popularize and energize the concept of everyday heroism around the world. In doing so, HIP hopes to be the catalyst (催化剂) for individuals to transform their passivity and reluctance to come to the aid of those in need into the positive social action heroism. Ideally, HIP will become a social movement that sows the seeds of heroism everywhere.1. Studies on the component features of heroism and their practical application can benefit society profoundly.2. It is all right for people to think that heroism is within the reach of every person.3. Heroes are those who either perform a feat in a difficult situation or change the lives of others by seemingly trivial work.4. People nowadays lack a clear vision of heroism or even mistakenly regard the hero as someone with super power.5. The mark of heroes lies in what they are willing to do for others and for their chosen cause.6. Young people in secondary schools are offered programs so as to be encouraged for heroic self-identification.7. All people rather than a few special individuals possess the feature of heroism.8. HIP aims to inspire people to develop heroic attributes and guide them to act heroically for the benefit of others without the expectation of anything in return.9. Over the past 30 years, the definition of heroism has changed, which is one reason for the lack of information on the nature and dynamics of heroism.10. Everyday heroism, as the highest form of civic virtue, turns the personal virtue of compassion into meaningful social action.
Skimming and ScanningDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Developing the heroic imagination: The traits of heroesA. Every boy dreams of being a superhero, and knows that donning (披上) a cape or Spiderman costume is hardly just for Halloween. But as we get older, we realize we don't possess the supernatural powers of Spidey. And we notice the absence of the kind of otherworldly arch nemeses (劲敌) that plague our comic book heroes in the real world. The idea of being a hero is gradually put aside as "kids' stuff". But while evildoers may not appear in the real world painted up as sadistic (虐待狂的) clowns or riding on the Goblin Glider, the world has never ceased its need for heroic men who are willing to come to the aid of those in danger and stand up for what is right.What makes a man a hero?B. Why do some men stand by and watch an injustice or an emergency take place without doing anything, while other men spring to action and save the day? Two researchers, Zeno Franco and Phillip Zimbardo, have taken up these very questions. Many of you might be familiar with Dr. Zimbardo's famous 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment that showed good people turning into sadistic tyrants when placed in a position of authority over other human beings. However, one of the interesting observations of the experiment was that "good guards" did exist in the make-believe prison. These guards didn't abuse or insult the student prisoners, like the "evil guards" did, but they never tried to stop the abuse, either. Thus, the good guards actually ended up facilitating abuse by not taking action.C. The Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated that given certain circumstances and social pressures, normal, decent people can end up doing unspeakable things. But it also showed that these same circumstances and social pressures can cause men to commit a different but equal wrong: not taking action when action is required.D. We see this wrong all the time. I'm sure we can all remember a time when we saw another human needing assistance, but we simply stood by and did nothing. I'll admit it. I've seen car accidents and just drove by. I've also seen people treated unfairly but didn't say anything.E. Forty years after his infamous Stanford Prison Experiment, Zimbardo has taken up the task of finding out what causes individuals to move from cowardly inaction to heroic action. After analyzing the deeds of heroes, both big and small, Zimbardo along with his research partner, Dr. Franco, argues that heroic individuals have a robust heroic imagination.How to develop your heroic imagination?F. According to Zimbardo and Franco, the heroic imagination is "the capacity to imagine facing physically or socially risky situations, to struggle with the hypothetical problems these situations generate, and to consider one's actions and the consequences". It's the ability to see oneself as a hero and capable of heroic action before the need for heroic action arises. Heroic people can imagine themselves doing heroic things. But are people born with more or less heroic imagination?G. Zimbardo argues that while some individuals may have a natural tendency for heroic behavior, all of us have the capacity to nurture and grow our inner hero. It's not a static characteristic. In his article "The Banality of Heroism", Zimbardo lays out five concrete steps we can all take to develop our heroic imagination and thus be ready to take action when action is required. Below are the five traits that will strengthen your heroic imagination and propel you into heroic action.H. Maintain constant vigilance for situations that require heroic action. Every day we have opportunities to take a stand and be heroes. Sure, we probably won't have to land a plane or fight off a ruffian (暴徒), but we can be heroes by sticking up for a student being bullied by his peers, blowing the whistle on a supervisor who is engaging in shady and unethical business practices, or stopping to help a stranded driver. The more you develop your ability to spot situations to be heroic, the more chances you'll get to take heroic action.I. Learn not to fear conflict because you take a stand. A real man doesn't care if some people get upset or uncomfortable with doing the right thing. Don't be afraid to stand by your principles and live with integrity.J. Imagine alternative future scenarios (可能发生的事) beyond the present moment. We often fail to act because we're too short-sighted. We think about the immediate consequences rather than the long-term ones. Sure, you might lose your job because you blew the whistle on unethical practices by your company. But think about the long-term consequences if you don't act. How many more people will be hurt if you don't out your employer? Will you be able to look yourself in the mirror 20 years down the road knowing you didn't do the right thing because it would have caused a couple of months of financial hardship?K. Resist the urge to rationalize and justify inaction. Inaction is easy because it's so easy to rationalize. The "bystander effect" is a perfect example of this. The bystander effect occurs when an emergency situation occurs in a large group of people and no one takes action to remedy the situation because they rationalize that someone else will take care of it. Don't be that person. Instead of looking for ways to rationalize inaction, train yourself to rationalize action.L. Trust that people will appreciate heroic action. In one of the former points, we're told not to fear the conflict that might arise from doing the right thing. Conversely, we should also develop a confidence that people appreciate and honor heroic action. While your action may be unpopular at first, people eventually come around and recognize and appreciate true heroes.1. The world is in constant need for heroes who can help those in danger and defend justice.2. We have the chance to be a hero every day, so we should be alert to situations where heroic action is required.3. The heroic imagination is the ability to imagine oneself to be a hero and capable of heroic action before heroic action is needed in reality.4. One observation of the Stanford Prison Experiment is that decent people can do bad things if they are put under certain circumstances.5. We fail to take heroic action often because we consider the immediate consequences instead of the long-term ones.6. Action instead of inaction should be rationalized.7. In the Stanford Prison Experiment, the good guards neither maltreated prisoners nor prevented others from doing so.8. Analysis of relevant information enables Zimbardo and his partner to concludethat heroes are full of imaginations about heroic deeds.9. Although some people are more inclined to act bravely, everyone can cultivate heroism.10. The bystander effect is that when facing an emergency situation, no one takes action to save the situation as they think someone else will do it.
Skimming and ScanningDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Problems in youth sportsA. Can participating in competitive sports at too young an age have a negative effect on our children and their future in sports? Starting ages for youth in competitive sports have lowered dramatically in the past two decades. Andrew Ferguson, an American journalist and author, estimated that 40 million children were involved in competitive sports. It's not just the number that is staggering, but the manner in which kids are playing. Children who get involved in organized competitive sports at a young age may find themselves tired of the game they once loved. Young athletes are becoming increasingly stressed because of the pressure they are getting from their parents and coaches. They are traveling further, playing more games, and spending less time just being kids.B. Children in today's era find themselves with a variety of competitive sports to choose from at earlier ages. The Amateur Athletic Union boys and girls start to play basketball, baseball, softball, soccer, football, volleyball as young as nine, while Little League Baseball and Softball can start as early as five. The American Youth Soccer Organization has kids competing at the age of four. While winning may not be the focus of these leagues it can be the focus of the parents.C.When considering sports participation one should take into account the developmental age as well as the chronological (实龄的) age of a child before competing. Paulo David, author ofHuman Rights in Youth Sport: A Critical Review of Children's Rights in Competitive Sports, found that children don't always understand the concept of competition until age of six or seven. Children under nine may be incapable of differentiating between the concept of effort and that of ability. This means that they believe winning is achieved by how hard they tried and that losing means they did not try hard enough.D.Sports knowledge development in children at a young age is essential. In the primary grades children should be taught the rules and structures of games. Training for these children should be informal and playful in nature, with little or no emphasis on wins or losses which can often lead to emotional distress and long-term refusal to be involved in competitive sports. Sports should be designed to improve a child's self-concept in the early years.E. In the bookWhy Johnny Hates Sports, the author Fred Engh states that if kids are competitive at early ages, then they may not be trained in how to fail. If all the focus is on winning, kids may be scared to fail and make mistakes. Mistakes are part of the learning process and they are how one improves. Failures can result in success, if we are teaching kids to learn from mistakes. If kids are never allowed to fail and are yelled at, pulled out every time they do something wrong, then we are training them to be afraid to shoot or try. They are not going to want the ball for fear of making a mistake and being taken out or humiliated in front of their peers. Allowing children to try and fail diminishes their fear of their parents, coaches, peers, and of humiliation because they are encouraged to try.F. Too much competition too early may cause burnout (精疲力竭). The term "burnout" is a relatively new term with children in competitive sports. Burnout can be defined as "the athlete's natural response to chronic, ongoing stress". By age 13 burnout begins to manifest and children start quitting their given sports. Burnout in kids' sports can be caused by a "play at all costs" attitude by the parents and coaches, by overtraining and excessive travel.G. The problem starts when the sport becomes more like a job than play. These coaches and parents believe that by playing all the time it will translate to winning and possible visibility and then scholarships. We believe that parents no doubt want what is best for their kids. But with this win and play at all costs, there is mounting evidence that parents are cheating to give their kids an edge. They even lie about their children's age to gain an advantage and get more exposure. Parents are looking to prepare their children for Division I athletic scholarships or a professional career.H. To gain an advantage parents insist that their children practice and play year-round to insure they have the best skills necessary to compete. Training and traveling all year round takes its toll on children. One report noted that forced participation in competitive youth sports by parents can constitute a form of abuse by parents because they are taking the childhood from the children. They want their children to specialize.I. A study done by American Sports Data Inc. found that, in youth organized sports, 69 percent of all parents want their children to play only one sport. If the child is between six and eight years old, 79 percent of those parents want their children to play only one sport. Of all the sports organization in 2004, 44 percent of the children stated they only wanted to play one sport. To avoid burnout children should wait until high school before specializing in a sport. In the book by Joel Fish,101 Ways to Be a Terrific Sports Parent: Making Athletics a Positive Experience for Your Child, he explains that children are not even physically capable of handling competitive sports. Most young kids are not capable of handling vigorous practices or games that are required. If children don't specialize in sports at a young age, they will be better suited for learning how to develop a variety of motor and athletic skills that transfer from one sport to another, which can't be developed by specializing.1. Burnout begins to appear in children probably due to the hard push from parents and coaches, and the large amount of training and travel.2. Some sports leagues may not attach importance to winning, but the parents do.3. Sport training for kids should be basically relaxing and lively without too much emphasis laid on the results, otherwise children will get upset and refuse to take part.4. In the past 20 years, children started playing competitive sports at earlier ages.5. Children should be allowed to fail, or they will be afraid of making mistakes and thus won't make a try.6. Children interested in several sports are likely to acquire different sporting skills, which can't be obtained by those specializing in sports when very young.7. It is reported that children who are forced to participate in competitive youth sports by their parents suffer a form of abuse because they are deprived of their childhood.8. It is found that children under the age of six may neither understand the concept of competition nor distinguish between effort and ability.9. Playing all the time is believed by many coaches and parents to be a sure way to win games, attract attention and get scholarships.10. The increasing pressure, more games and less time for fun, makes children lose interest in the sports they once loved.
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